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    Effect of high time under tension strength training on different muscular actions in the performance of runners: A randomized controlled trial
    (Public Library Science, 2026) Martins, Julio Cesar de Carvalho; Fernandes, Matheus Santos de Sousa; Aidar, Felipe J.; de Carvalho e Silva, Gustavo Ivo; Alves Filho, Eder Magnus Almeida; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; de Souza, Raphael Fabricio
    Background Strength training (ST) for runners is typically based on low volumes and high intensities. However, alternative approaches emphasizing higher volume and lower intensity, such as protocols with high time under tension (TUT), remain underexplored in this population. Notably, the effects of high-TUT may vary depending on the predominant type of muscle contraction.Objectives To analyze the impact of strength training with high time under tension on different muscle actions in performance-related variables in runners.Methods Thirty-four physically active young males were randomly divided into three groups: dynamic strength training, isometric strength training, and a control group. Over four weeks, the training groups performed two weekly sessions of bodyweight exercises with equalized time under tension per set (84 s), adjusted according to the type of contraction. The primary outcomes were performance in a 3000-meter time trial, peak torque, countermovement jump, neuromuscular fatigue, internal running load, ground contact time, and vertical oscillation. The data were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance.Results Peak torque increased by 13.3% in the dynamic group and 14.2% in the isometric group, compared with 2.5% in the control, with statistical significance only for the isometric group (p = 0.034, d = 1.12). Vertical jump height improved by 5.4% in the dynamic group and 4.1% in the isometric group compared with 0.7% in the control (p = 0.003, d = 1.54 and p = 0.030, d = 1.13, respectively).Conclusion In conclusion, high time under tension strength training, both dynamic and isometric, improved neuromuscular characteristics in runners. However, these adaptations did not translate into significant changes in running performance or running economy over the duration of the intervention.Trial registration This trial was registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBEC) with the identifier RBR-686kqdx.
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    Effect of high time under tension strength training on different muscular actions in the performance of runners: A randomized controlled trial [2]
    (2026) Martins, Júlio César de Carvalho; Fernandes, Matheus Santos de Sousa; Aidar, Felipe J.; Silva, Gustavo Ivo de Carvalho E; Filho, Eder Magnus Almeida Alves; Yagin, Fatma Hilal; Souza, Raphael Fabricio de
    BACKGROUND: Strength training (ST) for runners is typically based on low volumes and high intensities. However, alternative approaches emphasizing higher volume and lower intensity, such as protocols with high time under tension (TUT), remain underexplored in this population. Notably, the effects of high-TUT may vary depending on the predominant type of muscle contraction. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the impact of strength training with high time under tension on different muscle actions in performance-related variables in runners. METHODS: Thirty-four physically active young males were randomly divided into three groups: dynamic strength training, isometric strength training, and a control group. Over four weeks, the training groups performed two weekly sessions of bodyweight exercises with equalized time under tension per set (84 s), adjusted according to the type of contraction. The primary outcomes were performance in a 3000-meter time trial, peak torque, countermovement jump, neuromuscular fatigue, internal running load, ground contact time, and vertical oscillation. The data were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: Peak torque increased by 13.3% in the dynamic group and 14.2% in the isometric group, compared with 2.5% in the control, with statistical significance only for the isometric group (p = 0.034, d = 1.12). Vertical jump height improved by 5.4% in the dynamic group and 4.1% in the isometric group compared with 0.7% in the control (p = 0.003, d = 1.54 and p = 0.030, d = 1.13, respectively). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, high time under tension strength training, both dynamic and isometric, improved neuromuscular characteristics in runners. However, these adaptations did not translate into significant changes in running performance or running economy over the duration of the intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBEC) with the identifier RBR-686kqdx. Copyright: © 2026 Martins et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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    Evaluation of strength, skin temperature and muscle activation in traditional and eccentric training in Paralympic Powerlifting athletes
    (Nature Portfolio, 2025) de Souza Leite Junior, Joilson Alves; Aidar, Felipe J.; Menezes, Jainara Lima; de Almeida-Neto, Paulo Francisco; Cabral, Breno Guilherme de Araujo Tinoco; Silva, Ana Filipa; Alghannam, Abdullah F.
    Paralympic Powerlifting (PP) is a maximum strength modality, where male athletes demonstrated greater relative and absolute strength compared to conventional powerlifting. This study aimed to assess the acute effects of traditional training (TT) and eccentric training (ET) methods on Maximum Isometric Strength (MIF), Time to Maximum Isometric Force (Time), Muscle Activation (sEMG), and Skin Temperature (Thermo) in twelve male PP athletes (mean age 30.25 +/- 8.13; body weight 72.36 +/- 18.47). The training consisted of 5 sets of 5 repetitions (5 x 5), with 80% 1RM in the TT method and in the ET 80% was adopted in the concentric phase and 110% in the eccentric phase, adopting a minimum rest of 3 min between sets and the cadence used was approximately 2 s in the eccentric phase and 1 s in the concentric phase for the ET and 1 s in each phase for the TT. Athletes competing nationally and internationally underwent Thermo, Time, and MIF assessments during TT (80%-1RM for both concentric and eccentric phases) and ET (80%-1RM concentric and 110%-1RM eccentric) at pre-training, post-training, 24 h, and 48 h. sEMG was evaluated in the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major (PMCP), sternal portion of the pectoralis major (PMSP), anterior Deltoid (AD), and Triceps Brachii (BT) during the final series (5 sets of 5 repetitions) of a training session. Athletes exhibited thermal differences in the PMCP muscle at 24 h between TT and ET (p = 0.020); Also, after the first 24 h, the AD showed differences between ET and TT (p = 0.016) and BT demonstrated differences between ET and TT (p = 0.028). The sEMG showed no significant differences between TT and ET (p > 0.05). The MIF displayed differences after 48 h between TT and ET (p = 0.004). The time showed no significant difference between TT and ET (p > 0.05). In conclusion, muscles involved in the bench press exhibited a significant increase in skin temperature with the ET method compared to TT, suggesting greater muscular fatigue. Furthermore, a higher MIF production was observed after the application of the TT in relation to ET, 48 h after training. In the ET, a lower MIF was observed than in the TT, indicating greater fatigue in this type of training.