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    Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from tomato, pepper, and eggplant wastes by two-step KOH activation
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2026) Yavuz, Bahar; Aksogan Korkmaz, Aydan; Kaya, Harun; Guler, Seher; Atalay, Funda Ersoy
    This study investigates the morphological, structural, and chemical properties of activated carbons synthesized from common lignocellulosic agricultural wastes such as tomato, pepper, and eggplant residues. A two-step chemical activation method was employed. In the first step, the biomass was carbonized at 500 degrees C for 1 h to produce biochar. In the second step, the activation process was conducted at 800 degrees C for 1 h using different biochar:KOH impregnation ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3). The surface area of the resulting porous carbonaceous materials was determined by BET analysis, while their morphological features were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Structural and chemical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The highest surface area values of activated carbons (2070-2254 m2/g) were obtained with a biochar:KOH weight ratio of 1:3. SEM images revealed the formation of a well-developed porous structure as a result of oxidation-reduction reactions. XRD analysis indicated the presence of graphite-like amorphous structures. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of various surface functional groups, including C = C, C = O, C-H, C-C, and C-O. These findings demonstrate that widely available and low-cost agricultural wastes can serve as effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainable precursors for the production of activated carbon.
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    The viability of biochar as an alternative low-emission fuel from waste biomass carbonization
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2026) Yavuz, Bahar; Aksogan Korkmaz, Aydan
    Energy demand in developing countries is primarily met by fossil fuels, which are limited and environmentally harmful, releasing SOx, NOx, and CO2. Renewable alternatives such as biomass are essential for sustainable energy production. This study investigates the production of biochar via pyrolysis of agricultural wastes (pepper, tomato, and eggplant) at 500 degrees C for one hour (heating rate: 10 degrees C/min, N2 flow: 150 ml/min). It evaluates their potential as clean solid fuels. Tomatoes produced the highest char yield (38.33%), whereas eggplant and pepper generated the highest liquid (33.33%) and gas (45%) fractions, respectively, indicating feedstock-dependent product distributions. The resulting biochars exhibited low nitrogen (0.92%) and sulfur (0.06%) contents, high carbon content (66.58%), and high calorific value (25.52 MJ/kg), highlighting their suitability as environmentally friendly energy carriers. These findings demonstrate that agricultural residues can be efficiently converted into biochars with both environmental and energy benefits, providing a promising route for renewable fuel production and sustainable waste valorization. The study emphasizes the potential of biochar as a clean, high-energy solid fuel, helping reduce emissions and advancing circular economy objectives.