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    Can the Posterior Segment Findings of the Eye and Serum Microbiota Metabolites Be a Biomarker in Schizophrenia?
    (Mdpi, 2026) Keser, Sinem; Yildiz, Sevler; Aydin, Suleyman; Keles, Julide; Aksoy, Aziz; Emre, Elif
    Background and Objectives: In many neurodegenerative diseases, the pathological changes occurring in the central nervous system may be reflected in the periphery. The aim of this study was to examine the possible relationship between the retina, choroid, and nerve fibre layer thicknesses measured on optic coherence tomography (OCT) and the serum microbiota metabolite levels of trimethyl amine-N-oxide (TMAO), S-equol, Indoxyl sulphate (IS), and Maresin 1 (MaR1). Materials and Methods: This study included a total of 60 subjects, comprising 30 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and a control group of 30 healthy individuals. A sociodemographic form was given to all the subjects and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) to the schizophrenia patients. The eye fundus was evaluated with OCT. A 5 mL blood sample was taken from the arm of each subject, and the microbiota metabolite levels of TMAO, S-equol, IS, and MaR1 were examined. Results: The retina nerve fibre layer (RNFL) analysis results showed that the RNFL superior (p = 0.016), inferior (p = 0.002), central choroid (p = 0.033), nasal choroid (p = 0.004), temporal choroid (p = 0.038), and TMAO (p = 0.001) values were significantly lower in the schizophrenia patients than in the control group. In the patient group, a significant negative correlation was determined between the RNFL temporal measurements and IS, as well as a significant positive correlation between the central choroid measurement and the nasal choroid and temporal choroid measurements and between the nasal choroid and temporal choroid measurements. A statistically significant positive correlation was seen between S-equol and TMAO. A significant negative correlation was seen between the MaR1 level and age and disease duration. Conclusions: The study results showed that fundus changes are associated with serum microbiota metabolite levels in schizophrenia patients. Therefore, these parameters may be considered potential exploratory biomarkers; however, their clinical applicability requires validation in larger longitudinal studies.
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    Effects of irisin and exercise on adropin and betatrophin in a new metabolic syndrome model
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Aydin, Suna; Kilinc, Faruk; Ugur, Kader; Aydin, Mustafa Ata; Yalcin, Mehmet Hanifi; Kuloglu, Tuncay; Aydin, Suleyman
    Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a prevalent public health problem. Uric acid (UA) is increased by MetS. We investigated whether administration of UA and 10% fructose (F) would accelerate MetS formation and we also determined the effects of irisin and exercise. We used seven groups of rats. Group 1 (control); group 2 (sham); group 3 (10% F); group 4 (1% UA); group 5 (2% UA); group 6 (10% F + 1% UA); and Group 7, (10% F + 2% UA). After induction of MetS (groups 3 -7), Group 3 was divided into three subgroups: 3A, no further treatment; 3B, irisin treatment; 3C, irisin treatment + exercise. Group 4, 1% UA, which was divided into three subgroups: 4A, no further treatment; 4B, irisin treatment; 4C, Irisin treatment + exercise. Group 5, 2% UA, which was divided into three subgroups: 5A, no further treatment; 5B, irisin treatment; 5C, irisin treatment + exercise. Group 6, 10% F + 1% UA, which was divided into three subgroups: 6A, no further treatment; 6B, irisin treatment; 6C, irisin treatment + exercise. Group 7, 10% F + 2% UA, which was divided into three subgroups: 7A, no further treatment; 7B, irisin treatment; 7C, irisin treatment + exercise., Irisin was administered 10 ng/kg irisin intraperitoneally on Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Sunday each week for 1 month. The exercise animals (in addition to irisin treatment) also were run on a treadmill for 45 min on Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Sunday each week for 1 month. The rats were sacrificed and samples of liver, heart, kidney, pancreas, skeletal muscles and blood were obtained. The amounts of adropin (ADR) and betatrophin in the tissue supernatant and blood were measured using an ELISA method. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect ADR and betatrophin expression in situ in tissue samples. The duration of these experiments varied from 3 and 10 weeks. The order of development of MetS was: group 7, 3 weeks; group 6, 4 weeks; group 5, 6 weeks; group 4, 7 weeks; group 3, 10 weeks. Kidney, liver, heart, pancreas and skeletal muscle tissues are sources of adropin and betatrophin. In these tissues and in the circulation, adropin was decreased significantly, while betatrophin was increased significantly due to MetS; irisin + exercise reversed this situation. We found that the best method for creating a MetS model was F + UA2 supplementation. Our method is rapid and simple. Irisin + exercise was best for preventing MetS.