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    Investigation of the Effects of Light, Darkness, and Dim Light on Rat Brain Tissue: A Biochemical and Histological Study
    (Amer Chemical Soc, 2025) Pekmez, Hidir; Raika Kiran, Tugba; Tecellioglu, Fahriye Seccommail; Inceoglu, Feyza; Aydin, Merve; Zayman, Emrah; Canpolat, Sinan
    This study evaluates acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity levels, oxidative stress parameters, histopathological findings, and serum melatonin levels in rat brain tissue. 32 male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, Light, Dark, Dim light (n = 8 each group). After a 30 day experiment, brain tissues were collected to measure AChE, glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and conduct histopathological analyses. Serum melatonin levels were also measured. In this study, we observed a significant increase in MDA levels in dim light, dark, and light groups. AChE and alpha-GST enzyme activity levels were significantly decreased in the dark group compared with the other groups. Additionally, there was a statistical difference in melatonin levels between the light and dark groups. In the light microscope examination of the sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin from the dark group brain tissue, mild perineuronal edema was observed in all areas. Our study is the first to compare the effects of three groups on the brain: continuous light, continuous darkness, and dim light at night. Additionally, it is the only study to examine the effects of light exposure differences on the brain AChE levels.
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    Investigation of the effects of pinealectomy on acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity and oxidative stress in rat brain
    (Springer Japan Kk, 2025) Pekmez, Hidir; Ozkaya, Ahmet; Uckun, Mirac; Zayman, Emrah; Aydin, Merve; Canpolat, Sinan; Gul, Mehmet
    The pineal gland releases melatonin to regulate our body's circadian rhythm based on light and dark cycles. The pinealectomy (PINX) model is an experimental approach employed to investigate the potential impact of melatonin on various tissues and pathologies. In this study, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity levels, oxidative stress parameters, histopathological findings, and serum melatonin levels in rat brain tissue were evaluated following pinealectomy. 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups: control, Sham-Pinealectomy (SHAM), and PINX. Brain tissue samples were taken at the end of a 50-day experimental period to determine the parameters of AChE, glutathione s-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (Ces) enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels spectrophotometrically. Moreover, serum melatonin levels were measured, and tissues underwent standard histological analysis to determine the histopathological damage score. In this study, we found that the PINX group had decreased AChE and Ces enzyme activity, increased MDA, decreased GSH levels, and no change in GST enzyme activity. A relative decrease in serum melatonin levels was also observed in the PINX group. In the light microscopic examination of the brain tissue of pinealectomy rats, it was observed that the eosinophilic staining intensity increased, heterochromatic/pycnotic-looking neuron nuclei were prominent in the cortex layers and hippocampus, and perineural edematous areas were abundant. Excessive perineuronal edema, cytoplasmic eosinophilia, and heterochromatic/pycnotic nuclei were found based on the histopathological damage score. After pinealectomy, we observed an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in AChE levels in the brain.