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    Mental Training and Anxiety: Examining the Moderating Role of Gender in Athletes
    (Univ Illes Balears, 2024) Duyan, Mehdi; Celik, Talip; Karatas, Ozgur; Ilkim, Mehmet; Karatas, Emine Ozturk; Yavuz, Cumaali; Ruzgar, Kerim
    This study aimed to examine how gender may influence the relationship between mental training practices and anxiety levels in both individual and team athletes. Using a quantitative approach, data was gathered through convenience sampling using electronically administered questionnaires. A grand total of 348 athletes from secondary school, high school, and university teams in individual and team sports across four Turkish provinces took part in the event. The Mental Training Scale developed by Behnke et al. (2019) was used to evaluate mental training practices, while the Sports Anxiety Scale -2, created by Smith et al. (2006) and Smith, Smoll and Schutz (1990), was used to gauge levels of anxiety. The data analysis included various statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha for assessing scale reliability, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis to explore variable relationships, and bootstrap regression analysis to investigate the potential moderating effect of gender. The results showed that the predictor variables together explained about 9% of the variation in anxiety (R-2 = .084). There was a noteworthy correlation between mental training practices and anxiety, with mental training practices showing a beneficial impact beta = .30, p < .05). Additionally, gender was found to have a significant influence in a positive direction beta = 1.58, p < .001). In addition, a noteworthy moderating effect was found, suggesting that gender plays a role in the connection between mental training and anxiety beta = -.37, p < .001). It appears that female athletes on school teams are more inclined to incorporate mental training practices into their routines, leading to better anxiety management compared to male athletes who do not engage in such practices.
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    Perception of social support and psychological well-being among mothers of individuals with intellectual disabilities: the mediating role of self-efficacy
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2026) Ozoglu, Fatma; Karatas, Emine Ozturk; Duyan, Mehdi; Celik, Talip; Tutal, Varol; Ilkim, Mehmet; Sadir, Yunus
    Background: The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between social support perception and psychological well-being among mothers of individuals with intellectual disabilities. Methods: A correlational survey model was used in this study in line with the research objectives. The study group consisted of mothers of individuals with intellectual disabilities (n=80) in two central districts of Malatya province. Convenience sampling was employed in the study. The Psychological Well-being Scale was used to measure the psychological well-being of the participating mothers, the Perceived Support Scale for Families of Children with Disabilities was used to measure their perceived levels of social support, and the Parental Self-Efficacy Scale was used to measure their self-efficacy. In addition, a personal information form was used to introduce the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the variables, and the normality assumption was examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. The relationships between the variables were evaluated using Pearson's product-moment correlation analysis. Mediation analyses were performed using the PROCESS Macro (Model 4) developed by Hayes, and the significance of indirect effects was tested using the bootstrap method (5000 samples). The internal consistency reliability of the scales used in this study sample was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: There are positive and significant relationships between each of the perceived social support sub-dimensions of appreciation, informational, emotional, and companionship and self-efficacy (r = 0.28-0.36; p <0.05). A positive and significant relationship was also found between the total perceived social support score and self-efficacy (r = 0.37, p <0.01). In contrast, no direct significant relationships were found between perceived social support and its sub-dimensions and psychological well-being (p> 0.05). Psychological well-being showed only a moderate, positive and significant relationship with self-efficacy (r = 0.45, p <0.01). Conclusions: In conclusion, it can be said that the relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being is not direct, but indirect, mediated by self-efficacy.
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    Quality of Life Gains for Special Athletes in the Turkish Athletics Championship: A Study on Parent Perspectives (2023)
    (Univ Illes Balears, 2024) Karadag, Haci; Karatas, Ozgur; Dogar, Yahya; Ilkim, Mehmet; Yavuz, Cumaali; Celik, Talip; Cakir, Veli Ozan
    This study examines the effects of sports involvement on the well-being of individuals with Down Syndrome who participated in the 2022 Turkish Athletics Championship, as reported by their parents. The championship was organised by the Turkish Special Athletes Sports Federation. Using a qualitative case study design, we thoroughly explore individual experiences, perceptions, and the current situation. Criterion sampling, a method of purposeful sampling, was employed to select participants. The participants were selected using purposive criterion sampling. Information on life changes for the athletes was gathered through semi -structured interviews, which were later transcribed and analysed using content analysis. Five main themes were identified: Physical Development, Social Development, Emotional Development, Psycho -Social Health, and Family Life Satisfaction. The focus was on highlighting the enhancements in family dynamics, shared experiences, and the overall well-being of the family. The study demonstrates that engagement in the championship had a significant impact on the athletes' overall well-being and family satisfaction, underscoring the importance of sports in their lives.