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Öğe Does Economic Policy Uncertainty Matter for Environmental Degradation in Emerging Countries? Fresh Evidence from Fourier Bootstrap ARDL Estimation(Springer, 2026) Doğanlar, Murat; Kızılkaya, Oktay; Mike, Faruk; Albayrak, MuratIn recent years, economic policy uncertainty has initiated a new discussion in environmental economics on the main drivers of environmental degradation. The main goal is to determine whether economic policy uncertainty leads to environmental damage or contributes to environmental quality. For this purpose, researchers commonly employ panel data analyses based on group estimation and use carbon emissions as a proxy for environmental indicators. However, by doing so they overlook country-specific estimations as well as underrepresent the ecological balance. To overcome these shortcomings, in this paper we employ two new approaches. First, we apply novel Fourier bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag estimation, which is the stronger estimation procedure in time-series analysis, to detect individual outcomes. Second, we use the ecological footprint as a proxy for environmental degradation, which reflects the natural balance more holistically and comprehensively than pollution indicators. In this context, our paper examines the impact of economic policy uncertainty on ecological footprint by using some control variables, such as economic growth and energy consumption. Our sample consists of seven emerging countries from 1965 to 2022. Fourier ARDL test results reveal a strong long-run relationship between ecological footprint and economic policy uncertainty, economic growth, and energy consumption for four emerging countries: India, Indonesia, Russia, and Türkiye. The estimations reveal that economic policy uncertainty in these countries contributes to environmental quality in the long run. In this context, it is important for policymakers to implement environmentally friendly growth strategies far from any uncertainty for the sake of sustainable economic development. © The Author(s) 2026.Öğe The impact of climate change on aggregate output in middle- and high-income countries(Wiley-Blackwell, 2021) Doğanlar, Murat; Mike, Faruk; Kızılkaya, OktayThis study aims to analyse the impact of climate change on the aggregate output of middle- and high-income countries by using dynamic panel data analysis for yearly observations from 1990 to 2016. Following the Cobb–Douglas production function, the analyses included key economic parameters which are capital stock, labour force, and total factor productivity, and also climate change indicators namely temperature and precipitation. The generalised method of moments test results revealed different findings for middle- and high-income countries. Both the temperature and precipitation variables had a negative and statistically significant impact on aggregate output for middle-income countries. In the high-income countries, the temperature was found to have a positive but negligible effect on aggregate output, whereas precipitation was not found to have any significant effect. Granger causality test is also conducted to check for the consistency of GMM estimation.Öğe Testing the long-run effects of economic growth, financial development and energy consumption on CO 2 emissions in Turkey: new evidence from RALS cointegration test(Springer, 2021) Doğanlar, Murat; Mike, Faruk; Kızılkaya, Oktay; Karlılar, SelinThis study analyses the long-run effects of economic growth, energy consumption and financial development on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Turkey using annual time series data for the period 1965-2018. This research investigates the relationship between the variables using a RALS-EG (residual augmented least squares-Engle and Granger) cointegration test procedure developed by Lee et al. Stud Nonlinear Dyn Econ 19:397-413, (2015). In addition, this study uses a bootstrap causality analysis developed by Hacker and Hatemi-J J Econ Stud 39:144-160, (2012) to specify the causal relationship between the series. RALS cointegration test results show a long-run relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth, energy consumption and financial development. According to a dynamic ordinary least squares estimation, economic growth has a negative and statistically significant effect on CO2 emissions, whereas energy consumption and financial development have positive and statistically significant effects on CO2 emissions in the long run. In particular, energy consumption is the most effective parameter of environmental pollution in Turkey. However, the causality test results indicate a unidirectional causal relationship from financial development to CO2 emissions, economic growth and energy consumption. Increasing the investment in renewable energy sources will be an effective policy tool to improve the environmental quality in Turkey.












