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    Hydro-chemical assessment of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater from east and west coasts of Bangladesh and India
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Jannat, Jannatun Nahar; Khan, Md Sanjid Islam; Islam, H. M. Touhidul; Islam, Md Saiful; Khan, Rahat; Siddique, Md Abu Bakar; Islam, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul
    Groundwater from the coastal alluvial plain is the primary water source in coastal areas. Its contaminants, such as nitrate and fluoride, are significant concerns for freshwater supply and human health issues. Although spatiotemporal variability of nitrate and fluoride levels has been analyzed individually in the Indo-Bangladesh coastal region, their drivers and hydro-chemical analysis have scarcely been studied. Thus, to assess the groundwater quality, hydro-chemistry, and drivers in coastal alluvial aquifers, 123 groundwater samples were collected from the east (Bangladesh) and west coasts (India) for assessment of nitrate and fluoride levels and major physiochemical parameters. Multivariate statistical and hydro-chemical analysis and public health risk appraisal were carried out for this purpose. The results showed that 25% (East coast) and 22.39% (West coast) of groundwater samples surpassed the allowable limit of fluoride with a maximum concentration of up to 16.11 mg/L and the tolerable nitrate limit slightly exceeded 10 mg/L. Furthermore, we note that industrial waste, synthetic pesticides, and agricultural fertilizer triggered the leaching of nitrate into groundwater, while the release of fluoride into groundwater was possibly due to evaporite dissolution, carbonate mineral weathering, and ion exchange processes on both coasts. About 28.36% (26.79%) of groundwater samples possessed poor quality on the east (west) coasts. Considering the uncertainties of the variables, the mean hazard quotient ingestion values of fluoride faced by children (adults) were 10.5 (1.39) and 5.56 (6.9 x 10-1), respectively, on the east (west) coasts, demonstrating a high non-carcinogenic risk to people, particularly, children, who cannot be neglected. Children had two times higher health risks than the adult inhabitants in both regions studied. Probabilistic models can reveal health risks more extensively than deterministic models. This study came up with strategies for improving sustainable groundwater quality and managing health risks in coastal regions.
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    Perception and legacy of soil chromium and lead contamination in an operational small-scale coal mining community
    (Springer, 2023) Islam, Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul; Jion, Most. Mastura Munia Farjana; Jannat, Jannatun Nahar; Varol, Memet; Islam, Md. Aminul; Khan, Rahat; Habib, Md. Ahosan
    Operational small-scale coal mining (OSCM) is one of the most significant sources of chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) pollution in Bangladesh. Attempts to minimize or lessen the use of Cr and Pb in OSCM have shown unsatisfactory results, mainly because they need to address the sociotechnical complexity of pollution concerns in OSCM. This research adopts a multidisciplinary, sociotechnical approach to addressing Cr and Pb problems, coupling soil sampling for Cr and Pb with questionnaires of miners' and inhabitants' perceptions of pollution and its distribution. The study was undertaken in the Barapukuria coal basin in northwest Bangladesh. Except for mining areas (average of 49.80 +/- 27.25 mg/kg), Cr levels in soils exceeded the world average in the periphery (73.34 +/- 24.39 mg/kg, similar to 1.2 times) and residential areas (88.85 +/- 35.87 mg/kg, 1.5 times the world standard of 59.5 mg/kg). Pb levels in soils exceeded national and global averages in mining (53.56 +/- 37.62 mg/kg, similar to 1.9 times), periphery (35.05 +/- 21.77 mg/kg, similar to 1.3 times), and residential areas (32.14 +/- 26.59 mg/kg, similar to 1.2 times) when compared to Bangladesh and global standards of 20 and 27 mg/kg. Pb levels were highest in mining areas, while Cr concentrations were highest in residential areas. The questionnaire findings indicated that miners and inhabitants did not correctly assume that the highest levels of Cr and Pb pollution would be found in these areas. Among all respondents, 54% are unaware of the health impacts of prolonged Cr and Pb exposure. They face respiratory problems (38.6%), skin diseases (32.7%), and other health issues. A large number of people (66.6%) agreed with the fact that Cr and Pb contamination has an impact on drinking water. Cr and Pb pollution has caused 40% crop loss and a 36% decrease in productivity in the agricultural sector. However, respondents underestimated the level of Cr pollution in mining areas, and most assumed that only individuals working directly with mines were impacted by the Cr and Pb content. Participants also rated the reduction of Cr and Pb contamination as of low importance. There is less awareness of Cr and Pb pollution among miners and inhabitants. Sincere efforts to reduce Cr and Pb pollution will likely be met with extra attention and hostility.