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    Changes and Correlations of Some Phenolic Compounds in Four Apricot Cultivars at Different Maturity Levels
    (Springer, 2024) Kan, Tuncay; Karaat, Firat Ege
    The phenolic compounds are accepted as supporting human health against various vital diseases. Fruits are one of the main sources of phenolic compounds to be consumed, and apricot is one of the most important fruits in terms of the phenolic compound profile. This study was conducted to compare the phenolic compound profiles of apricot cultivars at different maturity levels. For this aim, four Turkish apricot cultivars-two of which are consumed fresh while the other two are suitable for drying-were selected and harvested at two different maturity levels: harvest and commercial maturity. The phenolic compound profiles of the obtained samples, including eight important phenolic compounds, were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The obtained data was statistically evaluated, including correlation analyses performed for different cultivars and maturity levels. Results showed that when some of the phenolic compounds increase at higher maturity levels, some of them decrease and some of them do not show a significant difference. The change during ripening varies depending on the cultivar. Similarly, the correlations among the phenolic compounds occur differently at different maturity levels and in different cultivars. In terms of the total amount of the phenolic compounds examined as part of the study, three of the cultivars showed lower contents at commercial maturity, and the cultivars for drying purposes showed more than 40% higher contents at both maturity levels. 'Hacihaliloglu' cultivar in particular but also 'Kabaasi' were found to be advantageous in terms of phenolic compound contents.
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    Characterization of new late-spring-frost-tolerant apricot hybrids: physical and biochemical fruit quality attributes, volatile aroma compounds
    (Univ Federal Santa Maria, 2023) Dogan, Aliseydi; Karaat, Firat Ege; Levent, Okan; Asma, Bayram Murat
    Late spring frosts is one of the most important restricting abiotic stress factors of apricot growing worldwide. In this study; some physical, biochemical fruit quality characteristics and volatile aroma compounds were determined in fresh fruit samples of thirteen late spring frost tolerant apricot hybrids recently obtained from Turkish apricot breeding programme. A wide variation was reported among apricot genotypes in all of the evaluated physical and biochemical fruit characteristics and also volatile aroma compounds. Fruit size varied between 27.2 and 60.5 g, total soluble solids between 13.6 and 17.4 %, total carotene 26.6 and 42.8 (mg.100 g-1), and total phenolics content 354.2 and 673.1 (GAE.100 g-1). A total of 42 flavor components belonging to various flavor compound groups were identified. The main volatile aroma compound groups detected in the assessed apricot genotypes were; aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, terpenes, acids, and other compounds. Among the detected compounds; Hexanal, 2-Hexenal, 1-Hexanol, 2-Hexen-1-ol, Limonene were the most abundant compounds in terms of concentration. Hexanal varied between 55.8 and 528.5 mu g.kg-1, and 2-Hexen-1-ol changed between 25.7 and 297.9 mu g.kg-1 fresh weight. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations among some aroma compounds and biochemical fruit quality characteristics. Significant correlations were reported for esters with titratable acidity (r=0.79) and total carotene (r=-0.61) and aldehydes were found as highly correlated with total soluble solids (r=-0.69). The results of the study will be beneficial in terms of food analysis, cultivation, and breeding studies of apricot.
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    Dynamic changes in pyhsical and biochemical fruit quality attributes of Morus alba L. across multiple harvests: Insights from consecutive seasons
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2025) Altun, Oktay Turgay; Karlidag, Huseyin; Karaat, Firat Ege
    Background Thanks to its high nutritional value, rich antioxidant content, and versatility in being processed into various products, white mulberries have emerged in recent years as a functional food with increasing demand. White mulberry fruits ripen gradually and fruits present different fruit quality profiles at different harvests. The varying quality profiles of the harvests determine the best evaluation methods of the fruits from different harvests including dried mulberry or molasess production.Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in fruit quality attributes and the products of different white mulberry genotypes during the harvest period of different white mulberry genotypes.Method Fruit samples from four genotypes (seeded 'Baldut' and 'Elaz & imath;& gbreve;', and seedless 'Kaem Beyaz & imath;' and 'Yediveren') were collected at 5-day intervals across two consecutive years, totaling 11 harvests per year. Fruit weight, must and drying yield, L*, a*, b* color indices, titratable acidty (TA), soluble solid content (SSC), total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH and ABTS antioxidant capacities, and HPLC fructose and glucose contents were measured in each harvest.Results Fruit weight ranged from 1.36 g (final harvest of 'Kaem Beyaz & imath;') to 3.11 g (5th harvest of 'Baldut'). The highest must yield was observed in first harvest of 'Elaz & imath;& gbreve;' (78.9%). The highest drying yield was recorded in last harvest of 'Baldut' (33.9%). SSC, drying yield, a* color, and sugar contents increased with the advancing harvests, whereas must yield, L*, and b* color of fresh fruit decreased. Even though TPC and DPPH did not show consistent changes throughout the harvests, ABTS antioxidant capacity were found higher in latest harvests.Conclusions Early harvests were more suitable for molasses production, while mid-to-late harvests were better for drying. The findings offer strategic insights for targeted mulberry cultivation and optimal harvest timing.
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    EVALUATION OF NEW TURKISH APRICOT GENETIC RESOURCES FROM THE IRANO-CAUCASIAN ECO-GEOGRAPHICAL GROUP
    (Serbian Genetics Soc, 2022) Asma, Bayram Murat; Karaat, Firat Ege; Cuhaci, Cigdem
    This study presents 19 characters of 86 apricot cultivars and genotypes of the IranoCaucasian eco-geographical group evaluated using principal component analysis. The high variability and differences among the apricot genotypes in terms of morphological, phenological and fruit quality traits were defined. The fruit size of the genotypes was generally very small (9.3 %) or small (43.0 %), the total rate of big and very big fruit genotypes was only 16.3%. The data showed that 90.1 % of the genotypes had yellow ground fruit colour, 88.4% had sweet kernel and 65% had firmness >= 5 kg/cm(2). About half of the apricot genotypes have 20% or high total soluble solids content. Most of the genotypes ( 67.3%) were harvested in mid-season and other genotypes (23.3%) were harvested early, while 4.7% of them were harvested very late, 3.5 % of the genotypes late. Only one genotype (1.2%) was harvested very early. The fruit size was highly correlated with fruit weight, pit weight and fruit flesh/pit rate. The same correlation was also observed between the fruit ground colour and fruit flesh colour. On the other hand, the total soluble solids were moderately correlated with fruit flesh firmness and seed taste. The results of the principal component analysis show that the 55% of the total variation is represented for the first three main components (22.9, 19.8, and 12.3%, respectively). The germplasm presented a large variation in the evaluated characters and most of the genotypes were found having high total soluble solids and low titratable acidity which would be beneficial for future breeding programs held to improve the related characters.
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    Foliar melatonin application enhances strawberry tolerance to combined salinity and drought stress: Insights into physiological and biochemical mechanisms
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2026) Kutsal, Ibrahim Kutalmis; Karaat, Firat Ege
    Background Drought and salinity are major abiotic constraints in strawberry production, adversely affecting plant growth, photosynthesis, and cellular stability. Melatonin has emerged as a promising biostimulant due to its role in regulating stress responses and antioxidant defense mechanisms in plants.Objective This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of foliar melatonin application in mitigating the effects of individual and combined drought and salinity stress in strawberry (Fragaria & times; ananassa Duch. cv. 'Albion').Method The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. Strawberry plants were exposed to salinity stress (35 mM NaCl), drought stress (40% reduced irrigation), or their combination. Melatonin was applied foliarly at 50 & micro;M under stress conditions. Growth parameters, chlorophyll content, membrane permeability, oxidative stress indicators, proline content, and antioxidant enzyme activities were evaluated.Results Under drought stress, melatonin-treated plants exhibited significant improvements in leaf number (5.7%), fresh weight (4.2%), and chlorophyll content (11.2% SPAD increase) compared to untreated plants. Melatonin significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation by 24.4% under drought (9.31 vs. 12.31 nmol g-1 FW) and by 18.6% under salinity stress (8.49 vs. 10.43 nmol g-1 FW). Furthermore, melatonin enhanced antioxidant defense, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities increasing by 28.1% and 12.7%, respectively, under drought stress compared to non-melatonin drought-stressed plants. In contrast, under combined drought and salinity stress, melatonin showed limited effectiveness; although it supported survival, the plants displayed reduced growth performance and a significant increase in membrane permeability (reaching 21.13%), suggesting a physiological threshold under multifaceted stress.Conclusions Foliar melatonin application effectively improves strawberry tolerance to individual drought or salinity stress by enhancing growth performance and antioxidant capacity, whereas its protective effect is markedly reduced under combined stress conditions. These findings suggest that while melatonin is a sustainable strategy for single-stress mitigation, its efficacy is constrained under the synergistic pressure of the abiotic stress matrix.
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    Integrative Effects of Foliar Biostimulant Applications on Physiology, Nutrient Balance, and Kernel Composition of Almonds in Deficit Irrigated Orchards Under Semi-Arid Conditions
    (Springer, 2026) Karaat, Firat Ege; Kutsal, Ibrahim Kutalmis; Denizhan, Hasan; Karahan, Ramazan Bestami
    Abiotic challenges in semi-arid orchards, including high temperatures and water limitations, can disrupt almond physiology, nutrient balance, and kernel quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different foliar-applied stress-regulating compounds in mitigating oxidative stress and improving physiological performance, nutrient balance, and kernel quality of almond (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D.A. Webb) trees under semi-arid field conditions. This study evaluated the effects of foliar-applied proline, salicylic acid, a seaweed extract-based biostimulant, and vitamins, amino acids, proteins, betaines, and growth regulators enriched biostimulant on almond trees cultivated under contrasting semi-arid field conditions. Key physiological parameters (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, leaf temperature, malondialdehyde), leaf macronutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, K/Na ratio), and kernel morphometric and chemical traits (kernel size, kernel ratio, crude oil content, fatty acid profile) were assessed. The seaweed extract-based biostimulant provided the most consistent improvements, including reductions in leaf temperature, enhanced photosynthetic rate (up to +15%), increased leaf proline content, and improved kernel oil accumulation (+8.6%) with a more favorable fatty acid profile (higher oleic, lower linoleic acids). Salicylic acid notably improved K/Na ratio (up to 150.97), whereas proline reduced lipid peroxidation (-27% MDA), reflecting distinct mechanisms of action. Principal component analysis (PC1 + PC2: 75.2% variance) and correlation mapping highlighted strong associations between photosynthetic performance, proline metabolism, ionic balance, and kernel oil traits. These findings indicate that biostimulant-based interventions, particularly seaweed-derived formulations, can support integrated physiological resilience and kernel quality, offering practical solutions for almond production in semi-arid environments.