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    The Effect of Blood Group Phenotypes on the Ki-67 Proliferation Index in Breast Cancer
    (Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, 2026) Gökdere, Osman Gökhan; Öndeş, Bahadir; Kanat, Burhan Hakan; Kurt, Feyzi
    The Ki-67 proliferation index is an established biomarker reflecting tumor aggressiveness and treatment response in breast cancer. ABO blood group phenotypes have been associated with cancer susceptibility and inflammatory–immunological pathways, yet their potential influence on tumor proliferative behavior remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ABO/Rh blood groups and Ki-67 expression levels in breast cancer. This retrospective study included 189 patients diagnosed with breast malignancy between 2020 and 2024. Ki-67 values were recorded as the percentage of positively stained tumor nuclei. Differences among ABO phenotypes were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn post-hoc analysis with Bonferroni correction. Rh groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. All p-values were standardized to three decimal places. A post-hoc power analysis indicated that the sample size (n=189) was adequate to detect a moderate effect size (Cohen’s f=0.25) with 80% power at α=0.05. The overall mean Ki-67 index was 25.9 ± 18.7% (median 22%). Ki-67 levels differed across ABO groups with borderline statistical significance (p=0.060). After Bonferroni correction, the largest differences were observed between group O and groups B/AB (adjusted p=0.078 and p=0.083), suggesting a trend toward higher proliferation in non-O phenotypes. No significant association was detected between Rh factor and Ki-67 levels (p=0.810). Although statistical significance was not reached, patients with blood group O demonstrated lower Ki-67 values, whereas B and AB groups tended to exhibit higher proliferation levels. This pattern may indicate a possible biological influence of ABO antigen expression on tumor proliferation. Larger and multicenter studies are warranted to clarify this potential association. © 2026, Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi. All rights reserved.
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    The Effects of High Ligation Versus Peritoneal Reduction on Postoperative Pain in Lichtenstein Repair: A Randomised Trial
    (Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, 2026) Öndeş, Bahadır; Gökdere, Osman Gökhan; Kızılkaya, Erhan; Kurt, Feyzi
    The Lichtenstein hernioplasty technique is one of the most commonly preferred approaches in inguinal hernia surgery today. However, the impact of different surgical maneuvers on postoperative pain remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the effects of high ligation of the hernia sac (excision and removal) versus peritoneal reduction without sac excision on postoperative pain following Lichtenstein repair. Eighty patients with indirect inguinal hernia who underwent elective Lichtenstein repair were included and divided into two groups. High ligation was performed in 41 patients, while peritoneal reduction was applied in 39 patients. Postoperative pain levels were assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at the 6th and 24th hours. At the 6th postoperative hour, no significant difference in pain intensity was observed between the two groups (p=0.150). However, at the 24th hour, the pain level was significantly higher in the high ligation group (p=0.010). In both groups, pain scores significantly decreased at 24 hours compared to the early postoperative period (p=0.010). Preservation of peritoneal integrity during inguinal hernia repair may reduce early postoperative pain and improve patient comfort. Therefore, the peritoneal reduction technique can be considered a preferable option in Lichtenstein repair to enhance postoperative recovery. © 2026, Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi. All rights reserved.