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    Effects of Altitude on Pomological Traits, Bioactive Composition, and Antioxidant Capacity of 'Cataloglu' Apricot Cultivar
    (Univ Namik Kemal, 2026) Kutsal, Ibrahim Kutalmis
    Altitude exerts a decisive influence on the physicochemical and functional attributes of apricots, yet its effects on the traditional Malatya dried apricot cultivar 'Cataloglu' remain less studied. In this study, fruits harvested in 2024 from commercial orchards in low-altitude Battalgazi (similar to 730 m) and high-altitude Darende (similar to 1150 m) were compared in terms of pomological traits, bioactive composition, and antioxidant capacity. Fruits grown at high altitude had greater fruit length, flesh firmness of 6.32 kg cm(-2), titratable acidity, soluble solids content of 24.12%, and higher a* redness values, whereas no altitude-related differences were found in some size and other color parameters (L* and b*). Flesh firmness at low altitude was 6.00 kg cm(-2) and soluble solids content was 22.49%. Bioactive analysis showed that total phenolic content reached 784.14 mu g GAE g(-1) FW at high altitude compared to 481.60 mu g GAE g(-1) FW at low altitude. Similarly, DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activities were higher at high altitude, measuring 15.31 and 2.94 mu mol TE g(-1) FW, respectively, versus 8.51 and 1.24 mu mol TE g(-1) FW at low altitude. In contrast, total carotenoid content was higher at low altitude with 8.15 mu g beta-carotene g(-1) FW, while high-altitude fruits contained 6.08 mu g beta-carotene g(-1) FW. These contrasting tendencies reflect altitude-driven microclimatic differences: cooler temperatures in uplands stimulate phenolic accumulation, whereas warmer lowland conditions promote carotenoid biosynthesis. The findings highlight a clear quality balance. High-altitude fruits stand out for their antioxidant potential and functional health value, whereas low-altitude fruits are notable for their higher carotenoid content and bright yellow-orange color. These results can guide cultivar and site selection according to market demands and consumer preferences. With its relative tolerance to spring frost and drought, 'Cataloglu' could see increased cultivation in high-altitude orchards under future climate change scenarios.
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    Enhancing plant growth, nutrient uptake, and stress resilience in melon through plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: a two-year comprehensive study
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2026) Altuntas, Ozlem; Kutsal, Ibrahim Kutalmis
    Global climate change and increasing water scarcity pose significant threats to melon production, particularly in semi-arid regions where drought stress severely limits plant growth and yield. To address these challenges through sustainable microbial interventions, this two-year field study evaluated the effects of different Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), including Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Enterococcus spp., and their consortium, on plant growth, yield, and leaf nutrient composition of melon (Cucumis melo L. cv. K & imath;rka & gbreve;a & ccedil; 637) under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. PGPR applications generally improved vegetative growth parameters, such as stem diameter, main stem length, and leaf number, compared with the control, with Bacillus subtilis consistently showing the most pronounced effects across both growing seasons. Under non-irrigated conditions, Enterococcus spp. application resulted in a marked increase in plant fresh weight compared with the control. Although total fruit yield was not significantly affected by PGPR treatments, leaf nutrient analysis revealed that Bacillus subtilis significantly enhanced magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) contents under both irrigation regimes. These findings indicate that PGPR, particularly Bacillus subtilis, can improve vegetative growth and nutrient uptake of melon plants and contribute to alleviating the adverse effects of drought stress, highlighting their potential role in sustainable melon production under water-limited conditions.
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    Foliar melatonin application enhances strawberry tolerance to combined salinity and drought stress: Insights into physiological and biochemical mechanisms
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2026) Kutsal, Ibrahim Kutalmis; Karaat, Firat Ege
    Background Drought and salinity are major abiotic constraints in strawberry production, adversely affecting plant growth, photosynthesis, and cellular stability. Melatonin has emerged as a promising biostimulant due to its role in regulating stress responses and antioxidant defense mechanisms in plants.Objective This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of foliar melatonin application in mitigating the effects of individual and combined drought and salinity stress in strawberry (Fragaria & times; ananassa Duch. cv. 'Albion').Method The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. Strawberry plants were exposed to salinity stress (35 mM NaCl), drought stress (40% reduced irrigation), or their combination. Melatonin was applied foliarly at 50 & micro;M under stress conditions. Growth parameters, chlorophyll content, membrane permeability, oxidative stress indicators, proline content, and antioxidant enzyme activities were evaluated.Results Under drought stress, melatonin-treated plants exhibited significant improvements in leaf number (5.7%), fresh weight (4.2%), and chlorophyll content (11.2% SPAD increase) compared to untreated plants. Melatonin significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation by 24.4% under drought (9.31 vs. 12.31 nmol g-1 FW) and by 18.6% under salinity stress (8.49 vs. 10.43 nmol g-1 FW). Furthermore, melatonin enhanced antioxidant defense, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities increasing by 28.1% and 12.7%, respectively, under drought stress compared to non-melatonin drought-stressed plants. In contrast, under combined drought and salinity stress, melatonin showed limited effectiveness; although it supported survival, the plants displayed reduced growth performance and a significant increase in membrane permeability (reaching 21.13%), suggesting a physiological threshold under multifaceted stress.Conclusions Foliar melatonin application effectively improves strawberry tolerance to individual drought or salinity stress by enhancing growth performance and antioxidant capacity, whereas its protective effect is markedly reduced under combined stress conditions. These findings suggest that while melatonin is a sustainable strategy for single-stress mitigation, its efficacy is constrained under the synergistic pressure of the abiotic stress matrix.
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    Integrative Effects of Foliar Biostimulant Applications on Physiology, Nutrient Balance, and Kernel Composition of Almonds in Deficit Irrigated Orchards Under Semi-Arid Conditions
    (Springer, 2026) Karaat, Firat Ege; Kutsal, Ibrahim Kutalmis; Denizhan, Hasan; Karahan, Ramazan Bestami
    Abiotic challenges in semi-arid orchards, including high temperatures and water limitations, can disrupt almond physiology, nutrient balance, and kernel quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different foliar-applied stress-regulating compounds in mitigating oxidative stress and improving physiological performance, nutrient balance, and kernel quality of almond (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D.A. Webb) trees under semi-arid field conditions. This study evaluated the effects of foliar-applied proline, salicylic acid, a seaweed extract-based biostimulant, and vitamins, amino acids, proteins, betaines, and growth regulators enriched biostimulant on almond trees cultivated under contrasting semi-arid field conditions. Key physiological parameters (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, leaf temperature, malondialdehyde), leaf macronutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, K/Na ratio), and kernel morphometric and chemical traits (kernel size, kernel ratio, crude oil content, fatty acid profile) were assessed. The seaweed extract-based biostimulant provided the most consistent improvements, including reductions in leaf temperature, enhanced photosynthetic rate (up to +15%), increased leaf proline content, and improved kernel oil accumulation (+8.6%) with a more favorable fatty acid profile (higher oleic, lower linoleic acids). Salicylic acid notably improved K/Na ratio (up to 150.97), whereas proline reduced lipid peroxidation (-27% MDA), reflecting distinct mechanisms of action. Principal component analysis (PC1 + PC2: 75.2% variance) and correlation mapping highlighted strong associations between photosynthetic performance, proline metabolism, ionic balance, and kernel oil traits. These findings indicate that biostimulant-based interventions, particularly seaweed-derived formulations, can support integrated physiological resilience and kernel quality, offering practical solutions for almond production in semi-arid environments.