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    Effects of sugar type and regional variation on the biochemical composition of royal jelly (Apis mellifera L.)
    (Nature Portfolio, 2025) Karlidag, Semiramis; Basgel, Serkan; Maras, Zeynep; Uyumlu, Ayse Burcin; Demir, Nurullah; Ugur, Yilmaz; Erdogan, Selim
    Royal jelly, owing to its rich biochemical composition, is widely used in apitherapy and human nutrition. To enhance its production, honeybee colonies are often supplemented with industrial carbohydrate sources. This study aimed to investigate how different locations (Do & gbreve;an & scedil;ehir and Uluk & ouml;y) and carbohydrate types influence the biochemical composition of royal jelly, including sugar content, enzymatic activity, and phenolic compounds. The results revealed that both location and carbohydrate source significantly affected the biochemical profile of the samples. The Do & gbreve;an & scedil;ehir-glucose-fed group exhibited the highest 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid (10-HAD) content (2.77%, w/w; p < 0.001), whereas the Do & gbreve;an & scedil;ehir-control group had the lowest (1.41%, w/w; p < 0.001). Environmental conditions in Do & gbreve;an & scedil;ehir appeared to promote 10-HDA production, and glucose feeding proved to be an effective strategy for optimizing it. Although glucose, fructose, and sucrose levels were similar between locations, maltose content differed significantly. The highest glucose ratios were detected in the Do & gbreve;an & scedil;ehir bee-feed group (3.82%) and the Uluk & ouml;y bee-feed group (3.57%). Invertase activity (4.51 +/- 1.34 U/mL) and catalase activity (21.78 +/- 0.80 U/mL) were highest in glucose-fed bees, whereas these parameters were lowest in the sucrose-fed group (0.72 +/- 0.16 and 11.25 +/- 2.66 U/mL, respectively; p < 0.01). Glucose feeding markedly increased the levels of invertase, catalase, total protein, amino acids, proline, and 10-HDA in royal jelly (p < 0.01). In conclusion, both environmental factors and carbohydrate-based feeding exert significant effects on the biochemical composition of royal jelly.
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    Zinc Sulfur Nanoparticles Cause Both the Negatory Vitality and Bioaccumulation on Gammarus pulex
    (Springer, 2025) Ozgur, Mustafa Erkan; Maras, Zeynep; Aydemir, Songul; Acari, Idil Karaca; Erdogan, Selim; Charles, Sandrine; Koytepe, Suleyman
    In recent years, Zinc Sulphur Nanoparticles (ZnS-NPs) have a wide range of applications such as in optical sensor, solid state solar window layers, photoconductors, phosphors and catalysts. There are no clear data on the waste-enriching effects of this nanoparticle, whose annual consumption is over million tons, and concerns remain unanswered. This research was also designed to investigate lethal and sublethal toxicity, as well as survivability and bioaccumulation on Gammarus pulex for the effects of possible waste products of ZnS-NPs. After acute 96-hours experiments, while the lethal concentration (LC50) value was estimated at 3.39 (2.79-4.17) ppm, it was found that both the toxicity and the accumulation levels of ZnS-NPs in tissues increased with increasing exposure durations and doses. Statistically significant differences were observed in ventilation rates of the organisms as exposure durations increased at higher doses such as 2, 5, and 10 ppm. According to our results, the lowest ventilation rate was determined at the highest dose of ZnS-NPs. Moreover, ZnS-NPs was proved to be highly toxic after 3.5 ppm, while ZnS-NPs very slowly accumulate in Gammarus pulex tissues (BCF equal to 5.8.10- 4 (4.28.10- 4; 7.2.10- 4) at the highest exposure dose).