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    Comprehensive analysis and risk assessment of fine road dust in Abbottabad city (Pakistan) with heavy traffic for potentially toxic elements
    (Elsevier, 2025) Jadoon, Waqar Azeem; Khan, Yousaf Ali; Varol, Memet; Onjia, Antonije; Mohany, Mohamed
    Human activities have far-reaching impact on natural ecosystems, causing increasing disturbances and disruptions to the delicate balance of the environment. Poor land use planning, urbanization, infrastructure development, and unplanned tourism exacerbate contamination and degradation in tourist destinations, yet the pollution of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in these environments remains inadequately explored. To address this issue, we investigated the concentrations of acid-digested PTEs in road dust in Abbottabad city (Pakistan) with heavy traffic. The current study also evaluated PTE associated pollution, ecological and health risks, and potential sources of these elements. The average concentrations (in mg kg-1) of PTEs in road dust were highest for Fe (15540), followed by Mn (304), Zn (139), Cu (50.0), Pb (21.5), Cr (13.0), Ni (10.3), Co (6.66), and Cd (0.236). The levels of Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Fe were below the upper continental crust (UCC) averages, while Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn exceeded them. Spatially, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were found at higher levels near traffic hotspots, bus stands and automobile workshops. Road dust in Abbottabad exhibited unpolluted to moderate pollution levels (geo accumulation index), with Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb at 23 % of the sites. The enrichment factor results indicated a significant anthropogenic influence, with Cd being significantly enriched and Zn, Cu, and Pb moderately enriched. The contamination factor results revealed moderate contamination by (Cd: 2.62, Zn: 2.08, Cu: 1.79, Pb: 1.27). Single metal risk index showed that 61 % of the sites posed considerable to very high ecological risks due to Cd, which was highlighted as a significant concern. The absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression model identified three factors contributing to PTE pollution: lithogenic (Co, Fe, Mn, Ni), traffic-related (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn), and mixed sources (Cr), with contributions of 52.8 %, 35.8 %, and 11.4 %, respectively. The PTE hazard quotient and total hazard index values for children and adults were below the safe risk level of 1, indicating no non-carcinogenic health risks. The cumulative carcinogenic risk values to the residents were also within acceptable limits. However, children's susceptibility to non-carcinogenic risks is higher due to their behavior and lower body weight. This study highlights the accumulation of PTEs in Abbottabad's environment, which poses challenges to long-term sustainability, particularly amid unplanned tourism. Therefore, urgent measures are necessary to mitigate PTE pollution and preserve tourist spots and public health.
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    Determination of potentially toxic elements in soil, river water and spinach samples from the Lesser Himalaya (Pakistan) by ICP-OES: Implications for food security and public health
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2025) Jadoon, Waqar Azeem; Gul, Iram; Sajjad, Raja Umer; Varol, Memet; Saqib, Abdul; Mohany, Mohamed; Milosevic, Marija
    Potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination of soils, irrigation water and vegetables poses food insecurity and human health concerns. This study investigated PTE contamination in water, soil, and spinach from two agricultural areas, Baffa and Ichrian, in the Mansehra District of Pakistan. The cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) contents of the samples were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to evaluate their contamination status and ecological risks, plant bioaccumulation factor (PBAF) and potential human health risks. The results showed that Baffa's water had higher Cd (0.77-2.93 mu g L-1) and Pb (0.10-10.98 mu g L-1) levels than Ichrian's water, but was safe for drinking and irrigation according to guideline values. Soil concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Pb were higher in Baffa, with Cd levels surpassing global upper continental crust values in all samples and exceeding the recommended levels set by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) in 33 % of samples. Furthermore, the average Cd concentration in Baffa soils exceeded the European soil average. However, spinach PTE levels did not exceed guideline values. Contamination and ecological risk indices indicated moderate pollution in Baffa and low pollution in Ichrian, presenting moderate and low potential ecological risks, respectively. Based on plant bioconcentration factor analysis, minimal (<0.2) metal accumulation was recorded in spinach. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values revealed a metal ranking of Cr > Pb > Cd, with all values falling below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) levels, indicating no potential health risks. Target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) were below threshold level (<1), indicating no non-carcinogenic risk to the population. Although PTE levels in spinach were within safe limits, our findings emphasize the need for ongoing monitoring of PTE concentrations in soils and a broader range of vegetables, as cumulative exposure through consumption of multiple types of vegetables could exceed threshold limits, posing potential health risks.