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    Comprehensive analysis and risk assessment of fine road dust in Abbottabad city (Pakistan) with heavy traffic for potentially toxic elements
    (Elsevier, 2025) Jadoon, Waqar Azeem; Khan, Yousaf Ali; Varol, Memet; Onjia, Antonije; Mohany, Mohamed
    Human activities have far-reaching impact on natural ecosystems, causing increasing disturbances and disruptions to the delicate balance of the environment. Poor land use planning, urbanization, infrastructure development, and unplanned tourism exacerbate contamination and degradation in tourist destinations, yet the pollution of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in these environments remains inadequately explored. To address this issue, we investigated the concentrations of acid-digested PTEs in road dust in Abbottabad city (Pakistan) with heavy traffic. The current study also evaluated PTE associated pollution, ecological and health risks, and potential sources of these elements. The average concentrations (in mg kg-1) of PTEs in road dust were highest for Fe (15540), followed by Mn (304), Zn (139), Cu (50.0), Pb (21.5), Cr (13.0), Ni (10.3), Co (6.66), and Cd (0.236). The levels of Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Fe were below the upper continental crust (UCC) averages, while Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn exceeded them. Spatially, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were found at higher levels near traffic hotspots, bus stands and automobile workshops. Road dust in Abbottabad exhibited unpolluted to moderate pollution levels (geo accumulation index), with Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb at 23 % of the sites. The enrichment factor results indicated a significant anthropogenic influence, with Cd being significantly enriched and Zn, Cu, and Pb moderately enriched. The contamination factor results revealed moderate contamination by (Cd: 2.62, Zn: 2.08, Cu: 1.79, Pb: 1.27). Single metal risk index showed that 61 % of the sites posed considerable to very high ecological risks due to Cd, which was highlighted as a significant concern. The absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression model identified three factors contributing to PTE pollution: lithogenic (Co, Fe, Mn, Ni), traffic-related (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn), and mixed sources (Cr), with contributions of 52.8 %, 35.8 %, and 11.4 %, respectively. The PTE hazard quotient and total hazard index values for children and adults were below the safe risk level of 1, indicating no non-carcinogenic health risks. The cumulative carcinogenic risk values to the residents were also within acceptable limits. However, children's susceptibility to non-carcinogenic risks is higher due to their behavior and lower body weight. This study highlights the accumulation of PTEs in Abbottabad's environment, which poses challenges to long-term sustainability, particularly amid unplanned tourism. Therefore, urgent measures are necessary to mitigate PTE pollution and preserve tourist spots and public health.
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    Comprehensive Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid) Pollution in Agricultural and Urban Soils near an Oil Refining Facility: Distribution Patterns, Source Apportionment, Ecological Impact, and Probabilistic Health Risk Analysis
    (Mdpi, 2025) Miletic, Andrijana; Veskovic, Jelena; Lucic, Milica; Varol, Memet; Crnkovic, Dragan; Potkonjak, Nebojsa; Onjia, Antonije
    This study investigated the spatial distribution of HMs in agricultural and urban soils near the largest oil refining complex in Serbia, identified pollution sources, and assessed ecological and human health risks. A large fraction of soil samples showed elevated Hg (40% of samples), Pb (53%), Cd (90%), and As (93%) concentrations compared to the background levels. Hotspots for Pb, As, Hg, Cd, and Zn were observed in the industrial area, indicating significant anthropogenic input. Multivariate analysis, including PMF, revealed four contamination sources: emissions from the oil refining industry, agricultural activities, traffic emissions, and natural background. The pollution indices mostly fell into the moderate pollution range, with As, Hg, and Cd showing the highest enrichment. The potential ecological risk index (RI) indicated that about one-third of the samples had moderate ecological risk and determined a major RI hotspot near the refinery. The health risk assessment identified As and Cr as the largest contributors to non-carcinogenic risk, although the average HI was below one. Monte Carlo simulation confirmed that adults and children had negligible health risks at the 95th percentile and highlighted exposure frequency and body weight as the most influential exposure parameters. Based on source-specific risk, the oil refining industry emissions had the highest impact on HI and TCR values.