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    Natural resource trade and financial technology as drivers of inclusive green growth in Belt and Road initiative countries
    (Elsevier, 2025) Khan, Khatib Ahmad; Kaya, Emine; Citil, Mucahit; Pilatin, Abdulmuttalip; Barut, Abdulkadir
    Natural resources can pave the way for sustainability and green growth, but they can also be a significant cause of conflict and war. Therefore, it is important to understand how natural resources impact inclusive green growth (IGG).This research employs the 30 countries from the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) connected through trade, infrastructure, and investment with China to see how their inclusive green growth is affected via natural resources trade (NRT) with China. Given China's role as the largest trader of natural resources, its activities significantly influence the economic and environmental conditions of BRI countries. The research also examines how financial technology impacts IGG, and considers additional variables such as political stability, population dynamics, internet technologies, and structural transformation. The research employs quantile regression methods, including machine learning algorithms and Method of Moments Quantile Regression, as well as a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique. The findings reveal that the NRT of the BRI network with China negatively affects inclusive green growth, while Fintech contributes positively to IGG. Additionally, economic complexity and internet technologies have a positive impact, while population has a negative effect on IGG. Political stability moderates the relationship of NRT and Fintech with IGG. These results underscore the importance of tailored policy recommendations to achieve inclusive green growth in BRI countries. Fintech plays a key role in green growth, and thus, developing countries should make strategic decisions based on fintech and technology adoption that may reduce environmental degradation and increase the efficiency of natural resources trade, supporting long-term development goals.
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    Treasure lying beneath the waters: exploring the deep connections between biodiversity and the blue economy
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Camkaya, Serhat; Kaya, Emine; Barut, Abdulkadir; Ali, Kishwar; Pilatin, Abdulmuttalip; Nassani, Abdelmohsen A.
    Introduction The blue economy has become a pivotal framework for achieving sustainable development, emphasizing the responsible utilization of marine and coastal resources while preserving ecosystem integrity. Although biodiversity is central to fisheries, aquaculture, and coastal tourism, its direct role in shaping the blue economy remains underexplored. Furthermore, the interactions of biodiversity with other structural factors, such as financial development, institutional quality, and environmental pressures, are insufficiently addressed in existing studies.Methods This study investigates the determinants of the blue economy by employing panel data from the world's ten highest-income blue economies over the period 2000-2021. To address econometric challenges such as cross-sectional dependence, unit roots, and cointegration, second-generation panel techniques were applied. Long-term relationships were estimated using the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator, and robustness was assessed through complementary econometric tests.Results The empirical findings demonstrate that biodiversity exerts a positive and statistically significant effect on the blue economy. In contrast, financial development is negatively associated with blue economy performance. Institutional quality and per capita income are found to enhance blue economy outcomes, while CO2 emissions exert a detrimental influence. Robustness checks confirm the stability and reliability of these results across alternative specifications.Discussion The results underscore the vital role of biodiversity conservation in fostering sustainable growth within the blue economy framework. However, the negative effect of financial development suggests that existing financial structures do not sufficiently channel resources into environmentally sustainable marine activities. Strengthening institutional frameworks and aligning financial systems with ecological priorities are therefore critical. Moreover, reducing carbon emissions is indispensable to securing long-term resilience of marine ecosystems and ensuring the sustainability of blue economy activities.