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Öğe Arsenic and trace metal concentrations in different vegetable types and assessment of health risks from their consumption(Elsevier, 2022) Varol, Memet; Gündüz, Kazım; Sünbül, Muhammet Raşit; Aytop, HalilThe levels of 12 trace metal (loid)s (TMs) in 10 vegetable types including leafy vegetables (purslane, purple basil and parsley) and fruiting vegetables (pepper, tomato, eggplant, cucumber, zucchini, green bean and melon) and in maize grown in Malatya province (Turkey) were investigated and non-carcinogenic health risks from consumption of these crops were assessed. The levels of TMs were measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The mean levels of Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, As and Zn in all crops were below maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs), while those of Pb in pepper (0.109 mg/kg fw), eggplant (0.103 mg/kg fw) and green bean (0.177 mg/kg fw) slightly exceeded MPCs (0.1 mg/kg fw). Leafy vegetables had relatively higher concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe and Mn compared to fruiting vegetables and maize. The estimated daily intake value of each TM estimated for each crop was found to be below the tolerable daily intake value. The target hazard quotients of all TMs in all crops did not exceed the acceptable non-carcinogenic risk level. However, hazard index (HI) value (1.57) in tomato was found to be above the threshold value of 1, indicating non-carcinogenic risks for consumers due to the intake of combined TMs in tomato. The THQ values of As, Co and Pb contributed 46.4%, 24.5% and 16.4% of the HI value of tomato, respectively. High daily consumption amount of tomato likely resulted in high HI value. The findings obtained in this study reveal that even if the levels of TMs in vegetables are safe, more attention should be paid to non-carcinogenic risks associated with TMs as a result of high vegetable intake.Öğe Effluent characteristics of flow-through trout farms and their effects on stream water and sediment quality(Academic Press Inc., 2026) Varol, Memet; Tunar, Münir Ahmet; Sünbül, Muhammet RaşitOver the past decade, the rapid expansion of freshwater aquaculture has raised concerns regarding its potential impacts on water and sediment quality in receiving streams. This study investigated the effluent characteristics of two flow-through rainbow trout farms and evaluated their effects on the water and sediment quality of the adjacent stream. Between March and August 2025, water samples were collected monthly from the inlet and outlet of both farms, while additional water and sediment samples were obtained at two locations along the stream—one upstream and one downstream. The results showed significant increases in total suspended solids (TSS), NH4–N, and total phosphorus (TP) levels from the inlet to the outlet waters, whereas dissolved oxygen (DO) levels decreased significantly, likely due to the absence of effluent treatment processes at the farms. Major ion and metal concentrations showed only minor increases from the inlet to the outlet, indicating that farm activities had limited influence on these parameters. Predicted TN (total nitrogen) and TP fluxes obtained using the nutritional model were comparable to those estimated by the hydrological method. Significantly higher values of EC, COD, TSS, NH4–N, TP, and sediment organic matter (OM) were recorded at the downstream station compared to the upstream station. Based on the DO, TN, TP and NH4–N concentrations, the downstream station was classified as Class II water quality, indicating lightly contaminated water. Based on these findings, several management recommendations were proposed to safeguard the water quality of the receiving stream. © 2026 Elsevier Inc.Öğe Environmental, ecological and health risks of trace elements, and their sources in soils of Harran Plain, Turkey(Elsevier, 2020) Varol, Memet; Sünbül, Muhammet Raşit; Aytop, Halil; Yılmaz, Cafer HakanSoil pollution with trace elements (TEs) has become an increasingly serious environmental concern, however, assessment of ecological and human health risks especially in intensive agricultural regions remains limited. In this study, the contents of ten TEs (Al, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn and Fe) in soil samples from 204 sampling sites in the Harran Plain (Turkey) were examined to evaluate possible sources, pollution status and environmental, ecological and health risks of these elements. Only As and Ni exceeded the upper continental crust concentrations. Among ten TEs, Ni and As had the highest mean values of enrichment factor (EF) and contamination factor (Cf), indicating that soils showed moderate enrichment and moderate contamination with these elements. Ecological risk factor and ecological risk index values of all samples were <40 and <150, respectively, indicating low ecological risk in the study area. Factor analysis and correlation analysis indicated that Al, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn and Fe mainly originated from natural sources, Ni from mixed sources of anthropogenic and lithogenic origins, while arsenic primarily originated from anthropogenic activities. The hazard quotient values for both adults and children did not exceed 1, suggesting that all TEs in soil through ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation pathways had no significant non-carcinogenic risks. Children were more susceptible to non-carcinogenic health effects of TEs in soils. The carcinogenic risk values of As, Co, Cr and Ni were within the acceptable risk range, indicating that carcinogenic risks were not expected.Öğe Evaluation of health risks from exposure to arsenic and heavy metals through consumption of ten fish species(Springer, 2019) Varol, Memet; Kaya, Gülderen Kurt; Sünbül, Muhammet RaşitIn this study, the levels of 11 heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) were determined in ten different fish species (wild, farmed, freshwater, and marine) frequently consumed in Turkey and compared with the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) established by international standards. Also, human health risks for the consumers were assessed. Among 11 HMs, only Al and Cr levels did not show significant differences among fish species. The highest concentrations of As were found in red mullet, which is a demersal fish. The average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb in all fish species were below the MPLs, whereas those of Zn in European anchovy and Mediterranean horse mackerel, and that of inorganic As in red mullet exceeded the MPLs. The highest and lowest toxic metal contents (Al, As, Cd, and Pb) were recorded in red mullet and farmed rainbow trout, respectively. The estimated daily intakes of HMs in each fish species were very lower than their corresponding tolerable daily intakes, suggesting the daily intake of HMs through fish consumption would not pose health risks for the consumers. The target hazard quotient for individual HMs and hazard index for combined HMs in fish species were below 1, which indicated that non-carcinogenic health effects are not expected. The carcinogenic risk results revealed that there was a carcinogenic risk from exposure to inorganic As via the consumption of red mullet. Among all investigated fish species, rainbow trout and common carp were safer in terms of both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from exposure to HMs.Öğe Levels of metals and elements in tissues of fish species in the Kızılırmak River (Turkey) and assessment of health risks and nutritional benefits(Elsevier, 2022) Varol, Memet; Kaçar, Emel; Sünbül, Muhammet Raşit; Md Towfiqul Islam, Abu RezaAlthough the Kızılırmak River, the longest river in Turkey, is home to many fish species, there are a few studies reporting metal levels in fish in the river. The contents of 17 metals and elements (MEs) in various tissues of three fish species and surface water from the river were investigated. Significant differences in the ME levels among tissues were recorded, and the highest levels of most MEs were recorded in the gills and liver. The results revealed that correlations between MEs in tissues and fish size were not clear and consistent. Among the MEs, P (6058–109489) and Zn (933–47556) had the highest bioconcentration factor values. The levels of As and Cd in the river water exceeded water quality criteria. Health risk assessment methods (Target Hazard Quotient, Estimated Daily Intake and Lifetime Carcinogenic Risk) indicated that consumption of the studied fish species is safe. It was estimated that a weekly consumption of 490 g of C. gibelio, or 350 g of C. carpio or 280 g of T. tinca would not cause any health risks. Furthermore, it was found that fish species would provide significant benefits in terms of intake of nutrients such as P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn. These findings revealed that nutritional benefits from consumption of fish species outweigh the health risks posed by metals in fish.Öğe Macroelements and toxic trace elements in muscle and liver of fish species from the largest three reservoirs in Turkey and human risk assessment based on the worst-case scenarios(Elsevier, 2020) Varol, Memet; Sünbül, Muhammet RaşitMacroelement (Na, K, Ca, Mg and P) and toxic trace element (As, Cd and Pb) contents were investigated in muscle and liver of the two fish species (common carp and trout barb) from the largest three reservoirs (Atatürk, Keban and Karakaya) in Turkey. Also, human health risks for consumers using the worst-case scenarios were assessed. Potassium was the most abundant macroelement in muscle of both fish species in all reservoirs, whereas phosphorus was the most abundant in liver. Toxic trace element contents in the liver of the two fish species from the three reservoirs were higher than those in muscle. The mean levels of As and Pb in muscle and liver of fish species from the Karakaya Reservoir were higher than those from the other two reservoirs. Three-way ANOVA showed that the interaction between fish species, reservoir and fish tissue was significant for only Cd (p < 0.01). The maximum levels of As, Cd and Pb in muscle and liver of fish species from the three reservoirs were below permissible limits. The estimated daily intakes of toxic trace elements in fish species were much lower than their corresponding tolerable daily intakes. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and total THQ values in fish species were below 1, which indicated that non-carcinogenic health effects are not expected. The carcinogenic risk values for inorganic arsenic were within acceptable range. The results revealed that toxic trace elements in common carp and trout barb from the Atatürk, Keban and Karakaya reservoirs do not pose a significant health risk to consumers.Öğe Pollution status, potential sources and health risk assessment of arsenic and trace metals in agricultural soils: A case study in Malatya province, Turkey(Elsevier, 2021) Varol, Memet; Gündüz, Kazım; Sünbül, Muhammet RaşitWe measured the concentrations of arsenic and 11 trace metals in the soils from vegetable fields in Malatya province (Turkey) and assessed health risks for residential adults and children. Also, we assessed their potential sources, contamination status and ecological risks. Median concentrations of only As, Co, Ni and Cr exceeded the world soil average values, while those of Cd, As, Ni and Cu exceeded the upper continental crust contents. Contamination factor, enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index results indicated that the study region was contaminated with Cd, As, Ni and Cu likely due to use of irrigation water contaminated with industrial wastewaters and use of fertilizers and pesticides. Also, the study region had “high potential ecological risk” for Cd, whereas “low potential ecological risk” for the other trace metal(loid)s (TMs). Factor and hierarchical cluster analyses revealed that As and Cu were from anthropogenic sources, Cd and Ni from both natural and anthropogenic sources, while other TMs from natural sources. The hazard quotient values of all TMs and total hazard index values for both children and adults were lower than the risk level of 1, indicating that non-carcinogenic health risks are not expected for residents. Also, the cumulative carcinogenic risk results were within the acceptable risk range. Our results indicated that application of multivariate statistics, pollution, ecological and health indices together provide valuable knowledge for assessing soil pollution in a particular region.Öğe Spatiotemporal variations, health risks, pollution status and possible sources of dissolved trace metal(loid)s in the Karasu River, Turkey(Elsevier, 2021) Varol, Memet; Karakaya, Gökhan; Sünbül, Muhammet RaşitThe Karasu River is the main tributary of the Euphrates River, which is the longest river in Southwest Asia. Domestic and industrial wastewater discharges, agricultural practices and mining activities in the basin can cause potential toxic metal pollution in the Karasu River. However, very little is known about the levels of dissolved trace metal(loid)s (TMs) in the river. In this study, levels of ten TMs (Fe, Al, Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Mn and Cr) in water samples taken monthly from 8 stations along the Karasu River between January 2019 and December 2019 were measured and compared with water quality guidelines. In addition, spatial and seasonal variations, health risks, pollution status and possible sources of the TMs were assessed. The 90th percentile levels of the TMs were below the drinking water standards. The highest total concentration was recorded at the most upstream station due to weathering processes, and rain and snowmelt runoff. The total metal concentration showed an increasing trend from winter to summer due to the combined effect of natural and anthropogenic sources. Metal pollution indices indicated that river water quality is suitable for potable uses. The results of factor and cluster analyses revealed that Ni, Fe, Mn and Cr are controlled by both lithogenic sources and anthropogenic activities, while other TMs are controlled by lithogenic sources. The hazard quotient (HQ) of each TM for both water ingestion and dermal contact pathways for residents was below the risk level. However, the hazard index (sum of HQs of all TMs) for water ingestion for children was higher than the risk level, indicated that the ingestion of ten TMs in the Karasu River may pose non-carcinogenic health risks to children. The carcinogenic risk results of As and Cr for both water ingestion and dermal absorption were within or below the acceptable carcinogenic risk range.Öğe Toxic and essential elements in selected fish species from the Tigris River (Turkey) and assessment of their health risks and benefits(Elsevier, 2022) Varol, Memet; Kaçar, Emel; Sünbül, Muhammet RaşitThe distribution of 18 toxic and essential elements (TEEs) (Sr, As, Ba, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ca, Cd, K, Co, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Cr and Zn) was investigated in tissues/organs of three fish species showing similar feeding habits from the Tigris River. The findings revealed that concentrations of TEEs in fish depend on the species. The highest contents of most TEEs were recorded in the gills followed by the liver, skin and muscle. Generally, inverse relationships were recorded between fish size and TEEs in tissues of fish species which may be explained by the lower metabolic rate and dilution effect of higher lipid content in the bigger fish. The average contents of Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and inorganic As in muscle tissues of fish species were below the permissible limits. The estimated daily intakes of Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sr, Zn, inorganic As, Cd, Co, Cr and Pb were much lower than the reference doses set by USEPA. The target hazard quotient and hazard index values were below 1, indicating that non-carcinogenic health effects are unlikely to occur. The carcinogenic risk values for inorganic As were below 10?6, indicating no carcinogenic health risks for consumers. It was found that daily consumption of 230 g of fish would not be expected to cause any health risks. In addition, it was found that fish species would provide great benefits considering intake of essential elements. These findings revealed that nutritional benefits from consumption of fish species outweighed the health risks posed by toxic elements in fish.Öğe Trace metals in core sediments from a deep lake in eastern Turkey: Vertical concentration profiles, eco-environmental risks and possible sources(Elsevier, 2020) Varol, Memet; Sünbül, Muhammet Raşit; Eriş, Kürşad Kadir; Çağlar, MetinThe contents of 12 trace metals (Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Al and Fe) in two sediment cores (Hz11-P02 and Hz11-P09) from the Lake Hazar, one of the deepest natural lakes in Turkey, were examined to evaluate vertical concentration profiles, possible sources, pollution status and eco-environmental risks of these metals. The highest concentrations of Cd and As were detected in the upper part (0–10 cm depths) of core Hz11-P02, while Hg concentration was at a maximum in the upper part of core Hz11-P09. The concentrations of other metals except Cr were the highest in the bottom layer (depths below 100 cm) of both cores. Among trace metals (TMs), Cr, Ni, Al and Mn in core Hz11-P02 and Mn in core Hz11-P09 showed statistically significant correlations with core depth (p < 0.01). The mean concentrations of Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, Al and Fe in core Hz11-P02 were significantly higher than those in core Hz11-P09 (p < 0.01). Also, the mean enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index and contamination factor values of As, Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb and Hg were higher in core Hz11-P02. The ecological risk index (RI) values for core Hz11-P02 were between 150 and 300 in 40.3% of the samples, indicating “moderate ecological risk”, whereas the RI values for core Hz11-P09 were <150 in 100% of the samples, indicating “low ecological risk”. Factor, cluster and correlation analyses, and contamination indices indicated that As and Hg in core Hz11-P02 predominantly originated from anthropogenic sources, while 12 trace metals in core Hz11-P09 derived from natural sources.
