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    A global meta-analysis of toxic metals in continental surface water bodies
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Kumar, Amit; Kumar, Vinod; Pandita, Shevita; Singh, Sumit; Bhardwaj, Renu; Varol, Memet; Rodrigo-Comino, Jesus
    The anthropogenic toxic metal dissemination in surface water resources is a major ecological and public health concern at diverse scales, from the regional to the global scale. However, in the scientific literature, a review dealing with distributions, pollution levels, potential sources and related health risks of toxic metals in surface water resources at the continental, country and global levels are missed. Conducting such a study will shed light on how the most recent investigations reveal that the average concentrations of iron (Fe), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and mercury (Hg) in Asia; Fe, Pb, Hg, Cr, cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) in Africa; As, Hg and Cr in Europe, and North, Central and South America are exceeding the drinking water permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO), respectively. To achieve this goal, we analysed datasets belonging to 233 articles published from 2010 to 2022. After conducting a multivariate statistical analysis, our meta-analysis demonstrated both anthropogenic and natural sources were responsible for the high toxic metal concentrations. Moreover, health risk assessment findings showed that the hazard quotient (HQ) values of As and Pb for the ingestion pathway, and HQ value of Pb for the dermal pathway were greater than one (HQ>1) for all continents, thus leading to non-cancer health risks. The novelty of our findings suggests that necessary control measures and robust policies should be implemented urgently to prevent an increasing contamination load in surface water bodies, save natural ecosystem areas and reduce potential human health risks, not only at the regional or national level but also at the global scale.