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    Investigation of metal levels and associated eco-health risks in the Karasu River Basin (Türkiye) after a gold-mine failure
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2026) Varol, Memet; Tunar, Munir Ahmet; Sunbul, Muhammet Rasit
    Mining operations are among the main human-related sources of heavy metal pollution in rivers and lakes. After the February 2024 & Ccedil;o & uml;pler gold-mine failure in T & uuml;rkiye, we evaluated the spatial distribution, contamination sources and eco-health risks of dissolved metals in the Karasu River Basin, an upper tributary of the Euphrates River. Fourteen metals (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn) and cyanide were analyzed in water samples from eleven sites in July and October 2024. Metal concentrations showed pronounced spatial variability, with the most severe contamination recorded at site K3 (Kuru & ccedil;ay Stream), where Fe (14,994 & micro;g/L), Al (8497 & micro;g/ L), Mn (513 & micro;g/L) and Ni (131 & micro;g/L) exceeded drinking water limits by factors of 75, 42, 10 and 7, respectively. Cyanide was not detected in any samples. Pollution indices (HPI, HEI, NPI and ERI) peaked at sites K3 and K10 (& Ccedil;alt & imath; Stream), indicating heavy pollution and considerable ecological risk. Multivariate statistical analyses suggested a strong spatial association between elevated metal concentrations and sites influenced by mining activities. Arsenic posed the greatest ecological and health risks, exceeding non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic thresholds at most sites. Children were more susceptible than adults, and ingestion was the primary exposure pathway. Overall, the findings indicate that metal contamination at several sites in the Karasu River Basin is consistent with potential mining-related inputs and may pose ecological and human health concerns. These results highlight the importance of continued monitoring, precautionary management and targeted mitigation efforts in the basin.
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    Levels of metals and elements in tissues of fish species in the Kizilirmak River (Turkey) and assessment of health risks and nutritional benefits
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2022) Varol, Memet; Kacar, Emel; Sunbul, Muhammet Rasit; Islam, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul
    Although the Kizilirmak River, the longest river in Turkey, is home to many fish species, there are a few studies reporting metal levels in fish in the river. The contents of 17 metals and elements (MEs) in various tissues of three fish species and surface water from the river were investigated. Significant differences in the ME levels among tissues were recorded, and the highest levels of most MEs were recorded in the gills and liver. The results revealed that correlations between MEs in tissues and fish size were not clear and consistent. Among the MEs, P (6058-109489) and Zn (933-47556) had the highest bioconcentration factor values. The levels of As and Cd in the river water exceeded water quality criteria. Health risk assessment methods (Target Hazard Quotient, Estimated Daily Intake and Lifetime Carcinogenic Risk) indicated that consumption of the studied fish species is safe. It was estimated that a weekly consumption of 490 g of C. gibelio, or 350 g of C. carpio or 280 g of T. tinca would not cause any health risks. Furthermore, it was found that fish species would provide significant benefits in terms of intake of nutrients such as P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn. These findings revealed that nutritional benefits from consumption of fish species outweigh the health risks posed by metals in fish.
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    River sediment metal contamination from a coal-fired thermal power plant: Spatio-seasonal variability, ecological risk and source apportionment
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2026) Varol, Memet; Sunbul, Muhammet Rasit
    A comprehensive analysis of metal pollution in river sediments is fundamental to maintain ecosystem health. Located in the Euphrates Basin, the Tohma River in T & uuml;rkiye is potentially contaminated with metals due to significant anthropogenic activities, including a coal-fired thermal power plant and mining operations. This study presents a systematic evaluation of the spatio-seasonal variations, pollution levels, controlling factors, ecological risks and potential sources of 10 metals in the sediments of the Tohma River. The results showed significant spatial variation in metal concentrations, with sites T1-T4, located near the power plant and mining facilities, exhibiting significantly higher levels. Seasonal fluctuations in metal concentrations were not statistically significant. Cluster analysis categorized sites T1-T4 as polluted, while sites T5-T13 were considered less polluted. Pollution indices (EF, Igeo, Cf) identified Ni, Cd, and Cr as the most prevalent contaminants. Ecological risk index revealed that Cd and Ni posed moderate to significant risks. Other indices (NPI, PLI, NRI, RI, TRI and mPEC-Q) further confirmed high contamination levels at sites T1-T4. Notably, Cr and Ni surpassed the probable effect concentrations in 33 % and 92 % of sediment samples, respectively, indicating potential harm to benthic organisms. Sediment organic matter content emerged as a principal factor influencing the accumulation of metals. Source apportionment using the APCS-MLR receptor model traced the pollution to two primary sources: mixed origins, accounting for 56.69 % of the contamination, and direct anthropogenic sources, contributing 43.31 %, with the latter closely associated with the coal-fired power plant and mining operations.
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    Species, tissue and gender-related metal and element accumulation in fish species in a large reservoir (Turkey) and health risks and nutritional benefits for consumers
    (Elsevier, 2022) Varol, Memet; Kacar, Emel; Sunbul, Muhammet Rasit; Islam, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul
    Concentrations of 18 metals and elements (MEs) in the gills, skin, muscle and liver of Carasobarbus luteus and Cyprinus carpio from the Ataturk Reservoir in Turkey were investigated. The results revealed that variations in the ME contents between fish species can be attributed to different diets. The highest contents of most MEs were recorded in the gills. Gender had no significant effect on the contents of most MEs in the tissues of fish species investigated. The relations between MEs in tissues and fish size were not clear and consistent. Health risk assessment methods indicated that consumption of the studied fish species is safe. It was estimated that daily consumption of 140 g of C. carpio or 170 g of C. luteus would not be expected to cause any health risks. Furthermore, it was found that fish species would provide significant benefits in terms of intake of essential MEs.