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    Investigation of metal levels and associated eco-health risks in the Karasu River Basin (Türkiye) after a gold-mine failure
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2026) Varol, Memet; Tunar, Munir Ahmet; Sunbul, Muhammet Rasit
    Mining operations are among the main human-related sources of heavy metal pollution in rivers and lakes. After the February 2024 & Ccedil;o & uml;pler gold-mine failure in T & uuml;rkiye, we evaluated the spatial distribution, contamination sources and eco-health risks of dissolved metals in the Karasu River Basin, an upper tributary of the Euphrates River. Fourteen metals (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn) and cyanide were analyzed in water samples from eleven sites in July and October 2024. Metal concentrations showed pronounced spatial variability, with the most severe contamination recorded at site K3 (Kuru & ccedil;ay Stream), where Fe (14,994 & micro;g/L), Al (8497 & micro;g/ L), Mn (513 & micro;g/L) and Ni (131 & micro;g/L) exceeded drinking water limits by factors of 75, 42, 10 and 7, respectively. Cyanide was not detected in any samples. Pollution indices (HPI, HEI, NPI and ERI) peaked at sites K3 and K10 (& Ccedil;alt & imath; Stream), indicating heavy pollution and considerable ecological risk. Multivariate statistical analyses suggested a strong spatial association between elevated metal concentrations and sites influenced by mining activities. Arsenic posed the greatest ecological and health risks, exceeding non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic thresholds at most sites. Children were more susceptible than adults, and ingestion was the primary exposure pathway. Overall, the findings indicate that metal contamination at several sites in the Karasu River Basin is consistent with potential mining-related inputs and may pose ecological and human health concerns. These results highlight the importance of continued monitoring, precautionary management and targeted mitigation efforts in the basin.
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    Metal contamination in Euphrates headwater sediments: Integrated risk assessment and PMF-based source apportionment in a geologically complex basin
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2026) Varol, Memet; Tunar, Munir Ahmet
    Rivers are among the ecosystems most vulnerable to human activities, and mining is a major global source of metal pollution. This study assessed the concentrations of 14 metals in surface sediments of the Karasu River Basin, an important headwater of the Euphrates River in eastern T & uuml;rkiye, following a recent gold mine failure. This research represents the first comprehensive post-failure assessment of sediment metal contamination in the Karasu River Basin, integrating sediment quality guidelines (TEC/PEC), multiple pollution and ecological risk indices, and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source apportionment. Nickel and Cr emerged as the most critical contaminants, with Ni concentrations reaching up to 917 mg/kg and Cr up to 336 mg/kg. All Ni concentrations and 85% of Cr concentrations exceeded PEC thresholds (48.6 mg/kg for Ni and 111 mg/kg for Cr), indicating considerable ecological risk. In contrast, 30% of As and 35% of Cu concentrations fell within the TEC-PEC range. Spatial and cluster analyses identified sites K1 (near Erzincan province) and K9 (& Ccedil;alt & imath; Stream) as the most contaminated, primarily influenced by mining and wastewater inputs. The PMF model identified four principal metal sources, with mining activities suggested as a major contributor to Ni, Cr, and Co pollution, while natural geological contributions cannot be entirely excluded. Overall, the findings highlight the significant influence of mining on sediment quality and emphasize the need for continuous monitoring, stricter regulation, and targeted remediation to protect aquatic ecosystems and downstream communities.