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Öğe Adana ili ayçiçeği (Helianthus annuus L.) ekim alanlarında bulunan yabancı otların yaygınlık ve yoğunluklarının belirlenmesi(Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, 2019) Özkil, Mine; Torun, Hilmi; Eymirli, Serdar; Üremiş, İlhan; Tursun, NihatAmaç: Bu çalışmada Adana’nın Yüreğir, Aladağ, Ceyhan, İmamoğlu, Yumurtalık, Karaisalı, Kozan, Sarıçam, Seyhan, Çukurova ilçelerindeki ayçiçeği alanlarındaki önemli yabancı ot türlerinin yaygınlık ve yoğunluklarının belirlenmesi araştırılmıştır. Yöntem ve Bulgular: Ayçiçeği tarlalarındaki yabancı otların yoğunlukları (adet/m2 ), rastlama sıklıkları (%), özel kaplama alanları (%) ve genel kaplama alanları (%) bulunmuştur. Surveyler 2017 yılında iki farklı ayçiçeği gelişim döneminde (4-8 yaprak ve çiçeklenme dönemi) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Survey çıkışlarının tamamında en yüksek rastlama sıklığına sahip yabancı otlar olarak; Convolvulus arvensis, Chenopodium album ve Sinapis arvensis saptanmıştır. İlk survey döneminde yabancı ot yoğunlukları incelendiğinde C. album (6.76 adet/m2 ) en önemli tür olup, bunu Heliotropium europaeum (3.75 adet/m2 ) ve C. arvensis (3.05 adet/m2 ) takip etmiştir. İkinci survey döneminde ise C. album (5.13 adet/m2 ), C. vulvaria (2.42 adet/m2 ) ve Cyperus rotundus (1.98 adet/m2 ) ilk üç sırada yer almıştır. Genel kaplama alanlarında C. arvensis (% 6.89) ve C. album (% 13.57)’un en yaygın türler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özel kaplama alanlarına göre en önemli yabancı ot türleri; ilk surveyde S. arvensis (% 24.62), ikinci surveyde ise Cuscuta campestris (% 56.95) olmuştur. Genel Yorum: Survey çıkışlarının tamamında en yüksek rastlama sıklığına sahip yabancı otlar olarak; Convolvulus arvensis, Chenopodium album ve Sinapis arvensis saptanmıştır. Yabancı ot yoğunluğu olarak ise, ilk survey döneminde en yüksek yoğunluk değerine sırasıyla C. album, Heliotropium europaeum ve C. arvensis türlerinin sahip olduğu belirlenirken, ikinci survey döneminde sırasıyla C. album, C. vulvaria ve Cyperus rotundus türlerinin sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Araştırma sonucunda belirlenen yabancı ot türleri ile mücadele imkanlarının araştırılması sağlanarak tarımın sürdürülebilirliğine yarar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler:Öğe Arttırılmış sıcaklık ve karbondioksit seviyelerinin Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Arsız zaylan)’nın çimlenme ve bitki gelişimi üzerine etkisi(Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, 2021) Bozdoğan, Olcay; Karaman, Yücel; Tursun, NihatAmaç: Bu çalışma, arttırılmış sıcaklık ve karbondioksit seviyelerinin arsız zaylan (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)’nın tohum çimlenmesi ve bitki gelişimi üzerine olan etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem ve Bulgular: Çalışma 2019 yılında tam otomasyonlu sıcaklık ve karbondioksit uygulama serasında yürütülmüştür. Çimlenme parametreleri olarak; Gmax, T50, T90, GUI75-25, GUI90-10 değerleri, bitki gelişim parametreleri olarak ise bitki uzunluğu, kök uzunluğu, bitki yaş ve kuru ağırlığı, kök yaş ve kuru ağırlığı hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda sıcaklık ve karbondioksit artışının A. artemisiifolia’nın çimlenme gücünü azalttığı, sıcaklık artışının ise çimlenme süresini yüksek oranda düşürdüğü belirlenmiştir. Bitki ve kök uzunluğunda ise sıcaklık ve karbondioksit artışının olumlu etki gösterdiği ancak, bu artışın istatistiksel olarak önemli olmadığı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, bitki ve kök yaş ve kuru ağırlığında artışların olduğu ve bu artışların istatistiksel olarak önemli olduğu (bitki kuru ağırlığı dışında) belirlenmiştir. Sıcaklık X karbondioksit interaksiyonunda ise bitki gelişim parametrelerindeki artışlarda en iyi etkinin 29 °C X 800 ppm de olduğu saptanmıştır. Genel Yorum: Sıcaklık ve karbondioksit artışı ile bitkinin çimlenme gücünün olumsuz yönde etkilenerek sırasıyla % 48,48 ve % 38.71’lik bir azalma belirlenmiştir. Ancak sıcaklık artışı ile çimlenme süresinin, bitki gelişim parametrelerinin olumlu yönde etkilendiği belirlenmiştir. T50 değerinde % 44.78, T90 değerinde % 50’ lik bir azalmanın olduğu saptanmıştır. Sıcaklık ve karbondioksit artışının bitki uzunluğunu sırasıyla % 18.54 ve % 19.76, kök uzunluğunu % 7.42 ve % 9.83, bitki yaş ağırlığını % 52.20 ve % 47.38, kök yaş ağırlığını % 107.68 ve % 209.53, bitki kuru ağırlığını % 113.34 ve % 50.91 ve Kök kuru ağırlığını % 625.41 ve % 315.80 oranında arttırdığı hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda artan sıcaklık ve karbondioksitin istilacı türlerin yüksek bitki ağırlığı ve hızlı gelişmesini teşvik ettiği ve bunun sonucu olarak da bu bitkilerin istila potansiyelini arttırabileceği ortaya çıkmaktadır.Öğe Balıkesir ve Çanakkale illerinde buğday ürünü içerisine karışan yabancı ot tohumlarının belirlenmesi(Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, 2019) Kaçan, Koray; Tursun, NihatAraştırma 2015 yılında Balıkesir ve Çanakkale illerinde buğday ürününe karışan yabancı ot tohumlarının tür ve miktarlarını belirlemek amacıyla 93 farklı yerden alınan 1 kg’lık örneklerle yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonunda 1 kg ürüne ortalama, Balıkesir il genelinde 207 adet, ağırlık olarak ise 3.06 g yabancı ot tohumunun karıştığı, Çanakkale il genelinde ise 181 adet ve 2.98 g yabancı ot tohumu karıştığı hesaplanmıştır. Her iki ilde de buğday ürünü içerisine 15 familyaya ait 45 farklı yabancı ot tohumunun karıştığı belirlenmiştir. Balıkesir il genelinde sayısal olarak en fazla karışan yabancı ot tohumunun Sinapis arvensis L. (77.,53 adet/kg) olduğu belirlenirken, ağırlık olarak ise Hordeum vulgare L. (0.7034 g/kg) olduğu saptanmıştır. Çanakkale il genelinde buğday ürününe karışan yabancı ot tohumları incelendiğinde; sayısal olarak Galium aparine L.’nin (35.18 adet/kg) en fazla karışan yabancı ot olduğu, ağırlık olarak ise H. vulgare (0.558 g/kg) en fazla buğday ürününe karışan yabancı ot olduğu bulunmuştur.Öğe Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.) resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting and other herbicides in rice in Turkey(Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2020) Kaçan, Koray; Tursun, Nihat; Ullah, Hayat; Datta, AvishekBarnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.) is one of the most yield-limiting weeds in rice in Turkey. Barnyardgrass resistance to common herbicides has been reported worldwide; however, such information is largely lacking in the country. The objective of this study was to determine the resistance spectrum of different barnyardgrass populations to the most commonly-used herbicides in rice in Turkey. The susceptibility of 40 barnyardgrass populations was evaluated. The samples were collected from fields with intensive rice cultivation in Balıkesir and Çanakkale provinces. Seeds were picked from barnyardgrass plants suspected to be herbicide-resistant because of their survival in the rice fields after herbicides application. A total of 38 populations were resistant to penoxsulam, and the resistance index of these populations ranged from 2 to 39. A total of 24 out of the 38 barnyardgrass populations showed a GR50 (herbicide dose causing a 50% reduction in plant dry matter) value higher than the recommended penoxsulam dose (20.2 g a.i./ha) in rice. Among these 24 barnyardgrass populations, 25, 29.2 and 45.8% populations exhibited high, moderate and low level of penoxsulam resistance, respectively. From the penoxsulam-resistant populations (38), the response of 14 populations (low to high resistance to penoxsulam) to six commonly-used herbicides for barnyardgrass control in rice was evaluated. The selected 14 populations showed resistance to almost all herbicides tested, with the lowest average resistance being determined against profoxydim and the highest average resistance against molinate herbicide. Resistance levels against six commonly-used herbicides in rice ranged from 2 to 34.Öğe Bazı Yabancı Ot ve Kültür Bitkisi Tohumlarının Çimlenmesine Yarpuz (Mentha pulegium L.) Uçucu Yağının Etkileri(Malatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi, 2021) Karaman, Yücel; Yaşar, Ayşe; Tursun, NihatLamiaceae (ballıbabagiller) familyasına bağlı tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler içerisinde yer alan yarpuz (Mentha pulegium L.) uçucu yağ bakımından zengin bir bitkidir. Bu çalışma, yarpuz uçucu yağının bazı yabancı ot ve kültür bitkileri tohumlarının çimlenmesine olan etkisini belirlemek amacıyla 2020 yılında Malatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bitki Koruma Bölümü Herboloji laboratuvarında yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, elde edilen uçucu yağın farklı dozlarının (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 ve 16.0 µl petri-1) 2 adet kültür bitkisi [(Capsicum annuum L.) ve (Triticum aestivum L.)] ve 4 adet yabancı ot [(Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.), (Amaranthus albus L.), (Avena fatua L.) ve (Sinapis arvensis L.)] tohumunun çimlenmesi üzerine olan biyo-herbisidal etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonunda, kullanılan uçucu yağ dozlarının kullanım miktarı arttıkça tohumların çimlenmesinin daha fazla baskılandığı görülmüş ve tüm tohumlarda en yüksek etki (%100) 16 µl petri-1 doz uygulamasında belirlenirken, en düşük etki (%1) ise S. arvensis tohumunda 1 µl petri-1 doz uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Çalışmadaki LD50 ve LD90 değerlerine göre en yüksek doz sırasıyla 3.520 ve 7.857 µl petri-1 olarak T. aestivum’da, en düşük değerler ise 0.004 ve 0.175 µl petri-1 olarak A. palmeri tohumunda görülmüştür. Biber ve sebze alanları içerisinde sorun olan yabancı otlardan A. albus ve A. palmeri tohumlarının çimlenmesini engellemede düşük dozlar etkili olmuştur. Bu sonucun ileriki zamanlarda biyo-herbisit çalışmalarına fayda sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.Öğe Chemical Composition and Herbicidal Activities of Essential Oil from Aerial Parts of Origanum Hybrids Grown in Different Global Climate Scenarios on Seed Germination of Amaranthus palmeri(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Yaşar, Ayşe; Karaman, Yücel; Gökbulut, İncilay; Tursun, Ayşe Özlem; Tursun, Nihat; Üremiş, İlhan; Arslan, MehmetThe present study aimed to investigate the changes in the essential oil contents of some Origanum hybrids grown at different carbon dioxide (400 and 800 ppm) levels in a fully automated carbon dioxide greenhouse. The chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS). It was found that, among the Origanum hybrids, there were differences between the essential oil contents of those grown under natural conditions and controlled greenhouse conditions. While an increase in carbon dioxide level significantly increased the thymol and carvacrol components, which are among important monoterpene components, of Origanum syriacum x O. onites and O. syriacum x O. vulgare hybrids, whereas it led to a decrease in O. syriacum x O. majorona hybrid. To determine the effects on germination of Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson seeds under laboratory conditions, the essential oils were used at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 ?l/petri doses. The most effective doses of essential oils for preventing the germination of A. palmeri seed were found to be 2 and 4 ?l/petri. In preventing the germination of seeds, the most effective (100 %) application for all the essential oils was achieved with O. syriacum x O. onites hybrid grown at 800 ppm. These results show that the CO2 increases that may occur as a result of climate change in the next years may lead to changes in the content of essential oils in Origanum hybrids and may have the potential to be used as bio-herbicidal to prevent the germination of A palmeri.Öğe Critical period for weed control in sesame production(Wiley-Blackwell, 2019) Karnas, Zeynep; Işık, Doǧan; Tursun, Nihat; Jabran, KhawarPlanning effective weed control in cropping systems requires exact appraisal of the weed intensity and duration of their competition with the crops. This 2-year study was carried out in order to determine the critical weed control period in sesame fields. Related and relative crop yields were monitored and analyzed using a four-parametric log-logistic model. We recorded data from weed-free plots and compared these with data from different periods of weed interference. In both the study years, the longer period of weed interference decreased the relative yield of sesame, whereas the yield was increased with increasing duration of the weed-free period. A 51-78.7% decline in sesame yield was noted if the weeds were allowed to compete with the crop from planting to harvest. In the first year, the duration of the critical period for weed control (CPWC) was 177-820 growing degree days (GDD), which corresponded to 14-64 days after crop emergence (DAE), and between 170 and 837 GDD (13-64 DAE) in the second year; this was based on a 5% acceptable yield loss. The results of this study clearly elaborated that maintaining weed-free conditions is compulsory from as early as the second week after the emergence of sesame plants, and this should be maintained at least until the ninth week to avoid sesame yield losses by more than 5%. These findings show that growers can benefit from CPWC to improve weed control in sesame production, including the efficacy of a weed control program and its cost.Öğe Critical Period for Weed control in Sunflower and Effects of Applications on Weed Species and Diversity(2022) ÖZKİL, MİNE; torun, hilmi; EYMİRLİ, SERDAR; Üremiş, İlhan; KARAMAN, YÜCEL; Tursun, NihatThis study was carried out under field conditions in Adana, Turkey in 2018 and 2019 to determine the critical period for weed control in sunflower depending on the daily growth temperature (GDD) and weed species. A log-logistic model with four parameters was used to determine the relationship between relative crop yield and both increased weed intervention time and length of weed-free periods. In addition, dominant weeds and weed densities were determined in the experimental area. Data obtained from different periods of weed intervention were compared with data obtained from seasonal weed-free plots. During the sunflower growing season, 37.4% – 41.04% yield loss was determined in sunflower due to weed competition. For 5% acceptable yield loss in the first year, the critical period in weed control was determined as 243-1181 GDD; this is 24-86 days after the crop emergence (DAE) . It was found between 269 and 1409 GDD (16-72 DAE) in the second year. In sunflower, it was determined that the removal of weeds from the plot in the weed-free period started within 2-3 weeks from the emergence and continued for 10-12 weeks. These findings may help sunflower growers to plan and implement cost-effective and appropriate weed control programs.Öğe Current Status of Herbicide Resistance of Wild Oats (Avena spp) in Wheat Fields in Mardin and Şanlıufa Provinces of Türkiye(2024) SÜER, İSLAM EMRAH; Ateş, Erdal; Tursun, Nihat; Ozaslan, Cumali; ULUDAG, AhmetWheat is a strategic crop with its role in human nutrition. In Türkiye, it has importance in agriculture and economy as well as being a staple crop. Mardin and Şanlıurfa provinces of Türkiye approximately produces 1.6 million tons of wheat on 600 thousand ha fields. One of the important factors limiting wheat production is weeds. Weeds compete with the wheat plant and cause significant yield and quality loss. Wild oat (Avena spp.) species are an important problem in wheat fields in both provinces. Herbicide applications are widely used to control wild oats due to their ease of use, short duration of action and low cost. Wheat fields were surveyed to supply data for strategies to be followed via determining the current situation of herbicide resistance in these provinces where herbicide resistant wild oats had been reported. Out of 95 fields visited, 65 fields had significant wild oat populations of which 61 A. sterilis and four A. fatua. Then these populations were tested to find out herbicide resistance levels against clodinafop-propargyl (ACCase inhibitor) and formulated mix of mesosulfuron-methyl and iodosulfuron-methyl sodium (ALS inhibitors). Only two populations, one low level and the other medium level were found to be resistant to the formulated mix of mesosulfuron and iodosulfuron while 11 populations were resistant to clodinafop, one high level, three medium level and the remaining low level. It was assumed that longer use history and wider use of clodinafop as well as herbicides used in winter rotational crops might cause more clodinafop resistant populations. It was concluded that a strategy to prevent or delay herbicide resistance in these provinces should be prepared because herbicide resistance has continued evolving.Öğe Determining the critical period for weed control in summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.): A comparative study across two locations(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Karaman, Yucel; Ozlem Tursun, Ayse; Turkmen, Musa; Tursun, NihatSummer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant valued for its essential oil content and its use in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Weed competition is one of the major challenges in the cultivation of this plant. The aim of this study was to determine the critical period for weed control (CPWC) and to evaluate the impact of weed competition on yield and essential oil composition in two different locations (A and B). The dominant weed species were Tribulus terrestris, Amaranthus retroflexus, Xanthium strumarium, Portulaca oleracea and Sorghum halepense. The highest values for yield parameters including essential oil yield, fresh and dry biomass, dry leaf yield and plant height were recorded in the weed-free plots, while the lowest values were observed in the continuously weedy plots. Weed interference caused significant yield losses ranging from 51.0% to 78.7% depending on the location. Based on a 5% acceptable yield loss threshold, CPWC ranged from 7 days after sowing to harvest at Location A (106-1237 growing degree days, GDD), and from 10 to 37 days after sowing at Location B (160-759 GDD). Essential oil yield was highest in weed-free plots (41.19-60.27 L ha-1) and lowest in continuously weedy plots (14.01-29.67 L ha-1). The major constituents of the essential oil were carvacrol (32.3-61.5%) and gamma-terpinene (16.4-28.9%), both of which were affected by weed competition. These results demonstrate the importance of early weed control due to the low competitive ability of summer savory to improve both yield and essential oil quality in S. hortensis production.Öğe Effects of CO2 and temperature levels on glyphosate activity and growth of seven weed species(2025) BOZDOĞAN, OLCAY; Jabran, Khawar; Tursun, Nihat; KARAMAN, YÜCELChanges in environmental conditions have a major impact on weed growth and their susceptibility to applied herbicides. We studied the effects of CO2 and temperature levels on the glyphosate (480 g/l Glyphosate Isopropylamin salt) activity and growth of seven weed species. Three temperature levels (control or normal temperature 26/16 °C (14/10 day/night), normal temperature + 3°C i.e., 29/19 °C and normal temperature + 6 °C i.e., 32/22 °C), and four CO2 levels (control i.e., 400 ppm, 600 ppm, 800 ppm, and 1000 ppm) were tested. Six doses of glyphosate were: i) ¼, ii) ½, iii) full dose (1440 g a.i./ha), iv) 2-times, v) 4-times, and vi) 8-times of the recommended dose, at 4-6 leaf stage. Generally, the increase in CO2 and temperature improved weed growth. For most weed species, the most favourable temperature and CO2 levels were 29 oC and 800 ppm to 1000 ppm. The ED50 (effective dose 50) value for Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson, Portulacaa oleracea L., Solanum nigrum L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. and Physalis angulata L. showed that some weeds will likely become tolerant to glyphosate with climate change. With increasing temperature and CO2 concentration, ED value increases, meaning higher herbicide doses are required to control these weeds. As a result, using more herbicides in agricultural areas in the coming years will cause producers to experience more costs and the herbicide resistance problem in weeds will increase to much higher levels.Öğe Effects of trifloxysulfuron-sodium and fluometuron herbicides on cotton and cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.)(Plant Protection Central Research Institute, 2025) Süer, İslam Emrah; Tursun, NihatCotton is an important industrial crop that is the natural raw material for many sectors such as textile, feed and oil industries. One of the factors affecting the yield and quality of cotton is weeds. Among these weeds, cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) appears together with cotton and provides strong competition. In this study, field experiments were conducted at two different locations in 2020 to determine the efficacy of herbicides against cocklebur, which is a problem in cotton production, on yield elements in cotton and in cocklebur. The experiments were laid out according to the randomized block trial system with four replications. Different doses of the herbicides trifloxysulfuron sodium (TFS) (10, 15 and 20 g ha-1) and fluometuron (FLM) (2, 2.5 and 3 l ha-1) were used in the field experiments. As a result of the study, the effects of herbicide applications on cotton and cocklebur were evaluated on the 28th day in both sites. It was found that trifloxysulfuron-sodium was more than 90% effective in controlling cocklebur at different doses while fluometuron was found to be less effective at different doses. Regarding the effects of herbicide applications on cotton, trifloxysulfuron-sodium was found to cause no phytotoxicity at different dosages, while fluometuron showed phytotoxicity at different dosages. The highest cotton and fiber yields were obtained when 15 g ha-1 of trifloxysulfuron-sodium was applied. It was found that the effects of the applications on cotton fiber fineness, fiber length, and fiber strength were not significant. © 2025, Plant Protection Central Research Institute. All rights reserved.Öğe Efficacy of glyphosate and 2,4-D on Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) under high carbon dioxide and elevated temperature conditions(Univ Agriculture, Fac Veterinary Science, 2024) Karaman, Yucel; Tursun, NihatField bindweed ( Convolvulus arvensis L.) is an important invasive weed in many countries around the globe. This Eurasian species has become a significant agricultural weed in Turkey. Climate change involve increasing atmospheric temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, and an increase in unpredictable extreme weather events are now forecast for most areas of the world. Increasing temperature and carbon dioxide in the world along with climate change increases the damage of weeds in agricultural areas and precautions need to be taken for this.In 2018-19, studies were carried out in a fully automated greenhouse using different atmospheric CO2 concentrations and temperature levels to determine the impact on growth and efficacy of glyphosate and 2,4-D on field bindweed. This study had four treatments i) 26/16 +/- 1 degrees C (day/night temperature) plus 400 +/- 50 ppm (CO2 concentration) [control], ii) 26/16 +/- 1 degrees C plus 800 +/- 50 ppm CO2 , iii) 29/19 +/- 1 degrees C plus 400 +/- 50 ppm CO2 , iv) 29/19 +/- 1 degrees C plus 800 +/- 50 ppm CO2 . Field bindweed growth viz. plant length, fresh and dry weight increased under elevated temperature and CO2 concentration. For the effectiveness of glyphosate (for ED50), a dose of 156 ga.i.ha -1 was required under control conditions (26 +/- 1 degrees C plus 400 ppm), however under an increased temperature and CO2 concentration (29 +/- 1 degrees C plus 800ppm) a dose of 285 ga.i.ha -1 was determined to be necessary. For the effectiveness of 2,4-D (for ED50), a dose of 111 g a.i.ha -1 was required under control conditions (26 +/- 1 degrees C plus 400 ppm), while in the increased temperature and CO2 concentration (29 +/- 1 degrees C plus 800 ppm) 96 ga.i.h -1 was determined to be necessary.Öğe Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness of Weed Flaming in Orchards(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021) Arslan, Selçuk; Tursun, Nihat[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Farklı Sıcaklık ve Karbondioksit Değerlerinin Bazı Yabancı Otların Çimlenme Oranlarına ve Sürelerine Etkisi(Türkiye Herboloji Derneği, 2019) Bozdoğan, Olcay; Karaman, Yücel; Tursun, NihatKontrolsüz sanayileşme ve insanların bazı bilinçsiz etkinlikleri küresel ısınmanın en büyük nedenleri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bunun sonucunda dünyada en başta karbondioksit (CO2) olmak üzere bazı gazların artışı görülmüş daha sonra bu yaşananlara paralel olarak sıcaklık değerleri artış göstermiştir. Bu bağlamda yapılan çalışma, Malatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi’ndeki tam otomasyonlu karbondioksit uygulama serasında, Solanum nigrum L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Echinochloa colonum L., Portulaca oleracea L., A. palmeri L., Sorghum halepense L. Pers. ve Physalis angulata L.’nın farklı sıcaklık (26/16 °C, 29/19 °C ve 32/22 °C) ve karbondioksit değerlerinde (400, 600, 800 ve 1000 ppm) çimlenme oranlarını (Gmax) ve sürelerini (T50, T90, GUI75-25 ve GUI90-10) belirlemek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma, tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda en yüksek (%100) ve en düşük çimlenme (%5) oranlarına sahip yabancı ot tohumları sırasıyla; A. palmeri (26 °C 400 ppm ve 29 °C 800 ppm) ve Physalis angulata (29 °C 600 ve 800 ppm) olarak belirlenmiştir. Çimlenen tohumların % 90’ı (T90) göz önünde bulundurulduğunda en kısa çimlenme süresi (1.25 gün) Portulaca oleracea (32 °C 600 ppm) ve A. palmeri (29 °C 1000 ppm ve 32° 400, 800 ve 1000 ppm) tohumlarında olmuştur. En uzun çimlenme süresi ise (15.75 gün) S. nigrum’da (29 °C 600 ppm) olmuştur. Sonuç olarak farklı sıcaklık ve karbondioksit değerlerinin yabancı ot tohumları üzerinde çimlenmeleri arttırıcı veya azaltıcı etkileri görülmüştür.
Öğe Genetic and morphhological diversity of Sinapis arvensis L. populations in Turkey and implications from herbicide treatment(Canadian Science Publishing, 2025) Ates, Erdal; Tursun, Nihat; Toprak, ZeynepSinapis arvensis L. is an annual plant belonging to the Brassicaceae family, primarily distributed across temperate regions of the world. As an invasive species in Turkey, S. arvensis can have a significant negative impact on agriculture. While herbicides are available for weed control, no substantial progress in its effective chemical management has yet to be achieved. In this study, we demonstrate that taxonomic ambiguities can lead to improper herbicide application, which often result in the failure of chemical control. We adopt a comprehensive approach to characterize the intraspecific diversity of S. arvensis, potentially opening new avenues for more effective control methods. Intraspecific variation of S. arvensis was examined in 84 populations across Turkey using genetic and morphological analyses. Furthermore, the effects of three commonly used herbicides were assessed. Chloroplast DNA sequencing and morphological observations identified the presence of three distinct variants; S. a. subsp. arvensis, S. a. subsp. allionii, and S. a. subsp. schkuhriana. These variants displayed varying levels of resistance to the applied herbicides.Öğe Growth of weeds and their chemical control under climate change conditions(Inst Ochrony Roslin, Panstwowy Inst Badawczy, 2025) Tursun, Nihat; Jabran, Khawar; Bozdogan, Olcay; Karaman, YucelClimate change has a great influence on weed growth and susceptibility of weeds to herbicides. This study determined the effect of six herbicides on three weed species under different CO2 concentrations and temperature levels. The weeds in the study were: (i) wild oat (Avena fatua), (ii) lambsquarter (Chenopodium album), and (iii) wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis). The herbicides used in this study were: (i) 240 g . l(-1) clodinafop-propargyl, (ii) 3% mesosulfuron-methyl + 0.6% iodosulfuron-methyl sodium + 9% mefenpyr-diethyl, (iii) 40 g . l(-1) nicosulfuron, (iv) 480 g . l(-1) glyphosate isopropylamine salt, (v) 75% tribenuron methyl and (vi) 3% mesosulfuron-methyl + 0.6% iodosulfuron-methyl sodium + 9% mefenpyr-diethyl + 300 g . l(-1) bromoxynil + 300 g . l(-1) MCPA. The study was carried out in a fully automated greenhouse which could be adjusted with desired CO2 concentration and temperature. The weeds were exposed to three different temperatures (day/night 26/16 +/- 1, 29/19 +/- 1 and 32/22 +/- 1 degrees C) and CO2 (400 +/- 50, 600 +/- 50 and 800 +/- 50 ppm) levels. A temperature of 26/16 +/- 1 degrees C plus a CO2 level of 400 +/- 50 ppm was considered as the control. Results showed that 26/16 degrees C x 800 ppm CO2 produced the highest plant length (65.05 cm), plant fresh weight (7.42 g) and plant dry weight (1.31 g) for A. fatua. Similarly, for S. arvensis, the same treatment showed the highest plant length (31.63 cm), plant fresh weight (23.99 g) and plant dry weight (1.82 g) while for C. album, different climatic conditions did not show a significant effect on the growth of this weed. The ED50 values of herbicides for controlling A. fatua, C. album and S. arvensis increased (112.8, 0.6 and 199.4) with an increase in temperature and CO2 levels, respectively. It is predicted that the control of some weeds will be difficult in the climate change that includes an increase in temperature and carbon dioxide in the future.Öğe Inhibitory Effect of Oregano and Laurel Essential Oils and Their Main Compo- nents on Seed Germination of Some Weed and Crop Species(2022) Tursun, Nihat; Işıkber, Ali; Alma, M.Hakki; Bozhuyuk, Ayse UsanmazHe essential oils from oregano (Origanum syriacum L.) and laurel (Laurus no- bilis L.), and their main components, namely, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole and ?- pinene, were tested to determine their inhibitory effects on the seed germinations of three different weeds [redroot amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), wild licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), curled dock (Rumex crispus L.) and cutleaf ground-cherry (Physalis angulata L.)] and three crops [(wheat (Triticum aes- tivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsitum L.)]. Gas chro- matography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis showed that 1,8-cineole and carvacrol were the major components of laurel and oregano essential oils, re- spectively. An in-vitro bioassay seed germination test showed that oregano es- sential oil and carvacrol completely inhibited the germination of weeds at all the concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 ?l/Petri dish, while seed germination of test weeds significantly decreased with increasing of the concentrations of laurel es- sential oil and its main components, 1,8-cineol and ?-pinene ranging from 5 to 20 ?l/Petri dish. Oregano essential oil and carvacrol were totally ineffective on cotton and corn germination (except for the concentration of 5 ?l/Petri dish of cavracrol), whereas they had a strong inhibitory activity against wheat seeds. On the other hand, the laurel essential oil and its main component, 1,8-cineole, showed less selective action on test crop species. It could be concluded that vol- atile oil from O. syriacum and its main component, cavracrol, possessed a strong inhibitory effect on germination of the weeds and was totally selective action on some crops, and could be utilized as bioherbicide for future weed management programmes.Öğe Inhibitory Effect of Oregano and Laurel Essential Oils and Their Main Components on Seed Germination of Some Weed and Crop Species(Selcuk University, 2022) Tursun, Nihat; Işıkber, Ali Arda; Alma, Mehmet Hakkı; Bozhüyük, Ayşe UsanmazThe essential oils from oregano (Origanum syriacum L.) and laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), and their main components, namely, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole and α-pinene, were tested to determine their inhibitory effects on the seed germinations of three different weeds [redroot amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), wild licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), curled dock (Rumex crispus L.) and cutleaf ground-cherry (Physalis angulata L.)] and three crops [(wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsitum L.)]. Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis showed that 1,8-cineole and carvacrol were the major components of laurel and oregano essential oils, respectively. An in-vitro bioassay seed germination test showed that oregano essential oil and carvacrol completely inhibited the germination of weeds at all the concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 µl/Petri dish, while seed germination of test weeds significantly decreased with increasing of the concentrations of laurel essential oil and its main components, 1,8-cineol and α-pinene ranging from 5 to 20 µl/Petri dish. Oregano essential oil and carvacrol were totally ineffective on cotton and corn germination (except for the concentration of 5 µl/Petri dish of cavracrol), whereas they had a strong inhibitory activity against wheat seeds. On the other hand, the laurel essential oil and its main component, 1,8-cineole, showed less selective action on test crop species. It could be concluded that volatile oil from O. syriacum and its main component, cavracrol, possessed a strong inhibitory effect on germination of the weeds and was totally selective action on some crops, and could be utilized as bioherbicide for future weed management programmes.Öğe Isıl yabancı ot kontrolü için özel imal edilen gaz memelerinin performansı(Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, 2019) Arslan, Selçuk; Turaloğlu, Çağdaş; Tursun, NihatBu çalışmanın amacı, yabancı ot kontrolünde kullanılan alev makinelerinde kullanılabilecek ve ticari gaz memelerine göre daha uygun bir gaz memesi geliştirmektir. Bu amaçla, üç farklı meme tasarlanmış ve 1.0-3.0 bar aralığında basınç-debi karakteristikleri gravimetrik olarak belirlenmiştir. Üç delikli 1 mm çaplı memenin (Tip1) 1.5-2.5 bar basınçlarda aralığında, yabancı ot mücadelesinde genellikle gerekli olan 40-130 kg ha-1 propan (LPG) dozlarını uygulayabileceği bulunmuştur. Bu meme tipi, ticari gaz memesine göre düşük dozlar için gerekli ilerleme hızını azaltmış, yüksek dozlar için gerekli olanı ise yükseltmiştir. Böylece ticari gaz memesi için 2.0 bar basınçta gerekli olan 1.8-8.1 km h-1 aralığındaki hız sınırı 3.5-6.5 km h-1 aralığına çekilmiştir. Yüksek dozlarda gerekli olan ilerleme hızları biraz artırılmış olduğundan uygulamada özel imal edilen gaz memesi kullanılarak alev makinesinin alan iş başarısının artırılabileceği bulunmuştur. En düşük dozda ise ilerleme hızının düşürülmüş olması alan iş başarısını azaltacak olsa da yabancı otların aleve maruz kalma süresi %20 kadar artacağı için alev uygulamasının ısıl etkinliğini potansiyel olarak artıracaktır. Tip2 ve Tip3 memeler, delik çapları küçük olduğu için traktöre bağlanacak bir alev makinesi için uygun bulunmamıştır. Sonuç olarak, yabancı ot mücadelesinde kullanılacak alev başlıkları için daha uygun bir ürün (Tip1) elde edilebilmiştir.
