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    Effects of sugar type and regional variation on the biochemical composition of royal jelly (Apis mellifera L.)
    (Nature Portfolio, 2025) Karlidag, Semiramis; Basgel, Serkan; Maras, Zeynep; Uyumlu, Ayse Burcin; Demir, Nurullah; Ugur, Yilmaz; Erdogan, Selim
    Royal jelly, owing to its rich biochemical composition, is widely used in apitherapy and human nutrition. To enhance its production, honeybee colonies are often supplemented with industrial carbohydrate sources. This study aimed to investigate how different locations (Do & gbreve;an & scedil;ehir and Uluk & ouml;y) and carbohydrate types influence the biochemical composition of royal jelly, including sugar content, enzymatic activity, and phenolic compounds. The results revealed that both location and carbohydrate source significantly affected the biochemical profile of the samples. The Do & gbreve;an & scedil;ehir-glucose-fed group exhibited the highest 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid (10-HAD) content (2.77%, w/w; p < 0.001), whereas the Do & gbreve;an & scedil;ehir-control group had the lowest (1.41%, w/w; p < 0.001). Environmental conditions in Do & gbreve;an & scedil;ehir appeared to promote 10-HDA production, and glucose feeding proved to be an effective strategy for optimizing it. Although glucose, fructose, and sucrose levels were similar between locations, maltose content differed significantly. The highest glucose ratios were detected in the Do & gbreve;an & scedil;ehir bee-feed group (3.82%) and the Uluk & ouml;y bee-feed group (3.57%). Invertase activity (4.51 +/- 1.34 U/mL) and catalase activity (21.78 +/- 0.80 U/mL) were highest in glucose-fed bees, whereas these parameters were lowest in the sucrose-fed group (0.72 +/- 0.16 and 11.25 +/- 2.66 U/mL, respectively; p < 0.01). Glucose feeding markedly increased the levels of invertase, catalase, total protein, amino acids, proline, and 10-HDA in royal jelly (p < 0.01). In conclusion, both environmental factors and carbohydrate-based feeding exert significant effects on the biochemical composition of royal jelly.
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    POLLEN AND FUNGAL SPORE COMPOSITION VARIATIONS OF HONEYS ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT FEEDING METHODS
    (Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2023) Yil, Gulsah; Karlidag, Semiramis; Akyol, Abuzer; Koseman, Abdurrahman; Uyumlu, Ayse Burcin; Yilmaztekin, Murat; Seker, Ibrahim
    Honey samples were collected from two districts of Malatya (Eastern Turkey) Battalgazi and Dogansehir for melissopalynological analysis after the honey season in 2018. The survey was conducted to 3 different feeding groups, Glucose, Sucrose, Bee Feed and a Control group in each study area. The samples were prepared according to Louveaux et al., (1978) procedure. Melissopalynological examinations were done to determine both pollen grains and fungal spores for each feeding group and districts. According to the microscopic analyses the dominant pollen types were determined as Astragalus, Cistus, Poaceae, Verbascum, Echium, Berberis, Artemisia, Plantago, Vicia, Onobrychis, Cichorioideae, Astragalus pollen grains were most frequent in glucose and control groups, Cistus pollen grains were widely represented in sucrose and bee feed groups in both study area. Dominant fungal spore types were determined as Aspergillus / Penicillium, Urediniospores, Cladosporium and Myrotechium. Aspergillus / Penicillium spores were dominated almost all samples by varying degrees. Analysis of pollen grains and fungal spores is useful instrument for determining the botanical, geographical and ecological sources of honey. This paper could be guide to beekeepers for selecting convenient apiary domains and appropriate feeding methods for qualitative honeys and the study is also help agriculturists for increasing the crop yield, the bees could be diverting to less-preferred plants during forages by sugar manipulation in order to cultivation improving.
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    Volatile organic compounds of royal jellies obtained from honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies fed with different industrial sugars at different locations
    (Springer, 2025) Seker, Ibrahim; Karlidag, Semiramis; Akyol, Abuzer; Yil, Gulsah; Koseman, Abdurrahman; Uyumlu, Ayse Burcin; Yilmaztekin, Murat
    The aim of this study was to reveal differences in the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of royal jellies (RJs) produced by honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies fed with 3 different industrial sugars at 2 different locations. VOCs in the RJ samples were extracted via headspace-solid phase micro-extraction and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In total, 46 compounds, including 3 esters, 14 alcohols, 5 acids, 1 aldehyde, 14 ketones, 3 lactones, 2 terpenes and 4 other compounds, were identified in the RJ samples obtained from honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies reared in Do & gbreve;an & scedil;ehir. A total of 45 compounds, including 3 esters, 14 alcohols, 5 acids, 1 aldehyde, 14 ketones, 4 lactones, 2 terpenes and 2 other compounds, were detected in the RJ samples obtained from honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies reared in the Uluk & ouml;y location. It has been determined that different locations and different feeding conditions significantly affect the composition and amounts of volatile organic compounds in royal jelly.