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    Multi-task advanced convolutional neural network for robust lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosis, classification, and segmentation
    (Peerj Inc, 2025) Yalcin, Sercan; Yalcin, Zuhal Cetin; Yildirim, Muhammed; Alatas, Bilal
    Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a hematologic malignancy characterized by the overproduction of immature lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Accurate and timely diagnosis of ALL is crucial for effective management. This article introduces a novel multi-task advanced convolutional neural network (MTA-CNN) framework for ALL detection in medical imaging data by simultaneously performing, expression classification, and disease detection. The MTA-CNN is based on a deep learning architecture that can handle multiple tasks simultaneously, allowing it to learn more comprehensive and generalizable features. With, expression classification, and disease detection tasks, the MTA-CNN effectively leverages the complementary information from each task to improve overall performance. The proposed framework employs CNNs to extract informative features from medical images. These features capture the spatial and temporal characteristics of the data, which are essential for accurate ALL diagnosis. The cascaded structure of the MTA-CNN allows the model to learn features at different levels of abstraction, from low-level to high-level, enabling it to capture both fine-grained and coarse-grained information. To ensure the reliability of the detection results, non-maximum suppression is employed to eliminate redundant detections, focusing only on the most likely candidates. Additionally, the MTA-CNN's ability to accurately localize key facial landmarks provides valuable information for further analysis, including identifying abnormal structures or changes in anatomical features associated with ALL. Experimental results on a comprehensive dataset of medical images demonstrate the superiority of the MTA-CNN over other learning methods. The proposed framework achieved an accuracy of 0.978, precision of 0.979, recall of 0.967, F1-score of 0.973, specificity of 0.991, Cohen's kappa of 0.979, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.990. These metrics significantly outperform baseline models, highlighting the MTA-CNN's ability to accurately identify and classify ALL cases. The MTA-CNN offers a promising approach for improving the efficiency and accuracy of ALL diagnosis.