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    Ameliorative Effects of Quercetin on Tartrazine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats: Insights Into Body Weight, Caspase Signaling, Cytokine Storm, Oxidative Stress, and Hepatocellular Proliferation
    (Wiley, 2026) Aylaz, Bulent; Erdemli, Zeynep; Gul, Mehmet; Bulut, Nilufer; Zayman, Emrah; Demirtas, Sezin; Erdemli, Mehmet Erman
    Protective role of Quercetin against the possible harmful effects of Tartrazine, which is widely used. These doses have been studied for the first time in the literature. Rats were divided: Control, Tartrazine, Quercetin, and Tartrazine + Quercetin. The substances were administered for 30 days. Afterward, liver tissues and blood samples were collected and biochemically and histopathologically analyzed. An increase was noted in oxidant (MDA, SOD) and oxidative stress index parameters (TOS, OSI) while decreases were seen in antioxidant parameters (GSH, CAT, TAS), inflammation markers (TNF-alpha, IL-6), apoptosis (Caspase 3) and histopathological deterioration (heterochromatic with pyknotic nuclei, pericentral hepatocyte necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration) in liver tissue. There was also an increase in oxidative stress index, inflammation markers, and liver function tests (ALT, AST, ALP, Direct and Total Bilirubin) in serum samples of the tartrazine group. In the quercetin group, antioxidant parameters in liver tissue increased, whereas oxidant parameters, inflammation markers, and liver function tests in serum samples decreased. Improvements in both biochemical, blood, and histopathological parameters were observed with the concomitant administration of quercetin compared to the tartrazine group. Tartrazine caused hepatotoxicity by increasing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the liver tissues. Additionally, it led to widespread damage by elevating inflammation and worsening liver function test results in blood samples. Quercetin, however, showed strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and apoptotic effects. We recommend daily use of quercetin to protect the liver from the harmful effects of tartrazine.
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    Investigation of the Effects of Light, Darkness, and Dim Light on Rat Brain Tissue: A Biochemical and Histological Study
    (Amer Chemical Soc, 2025) Pekmez, Hidir; Raika Kiran, Tugba; Tecellioglu, Fahriye Seccommail; Inceoglu, Feyza; Aydin, Merve; Zayman, Emrah; Canpolat, Sinan
    This study evaluates acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity levels, oxidative stress parameters, histopathological findings, and serum melatonin levels in rat brain tissue. 32 male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, Light, Dark, Dim light (n = 8 each group). After a 30 day experiment, brain tissues were collected to measure AChE, glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and conduct histopathological analyses. Serum melatonin levels were also measured. In this study, we observed a significant increase in MDA levels in dim light, dark, and light groups. AChE and alpha-GST enzyme activity levels were significantly decreased in the dark group compared with the other groups. Additionally, there was a statistical difference in melatonin levels between the light and dark groups. In the light microscope examination of the sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin from the dark group brain tissue, mild perineuronal edema was observed in all areas. Our study is the first to compare the effects of three groups on the brain: continuous light, continuous darkness, and dim light at night. Additionally, it is the only study to examine the effects of light exposure differences on the brain AChE levels.
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    Investigation of the effects of pinealectomy on acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity and oxidative stress in rat brain
    (Springer Japan Kk, 2025) Pekmez, Hidir; Ozkaya, Ahmet; Uckun, Mirac; Zayman, Emrah; Aydin, Merve; Canpolat, Sinan; Gul, Mehmet
    The pineal gland releases melatonin to regulate our body's circadian rhythm based on light and dark cycles. The pinealectomy (PINX) model is an experimental approach employed to investigate the potential impact of melatonin on various tissues and pathologies. In this study, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity levels, oxidative stress parameters, histopathological findings, and serum melatonin levels in rat brain tissue were evaluated following pinealectomy. 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups: control, Sham-Pinealectomy (SHAM), and PINX. Brain tissue samples were taken at the end of a 50-day experimental period to determine the parameters of AChE, glutathione s-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (Ces) enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels spectrophotometrically. Moreover, serum melatonin levels were measured, and tissues underwent standard histological analysis to determine the histopathological damage score. In this study, we found that the PINX group had decreased AChE and Ces enzyme activity, increased MDA, decreased GSH levels, and no change in GST enzyme activity. A relative decrease in serum melatonin levels was also observed in the PINX group. In the light microscopic examination of the brain tissue of pinealectomy rats, it was observed that the eosinophilic staining intensity increased, heterochromatic/pycnotic-looking neuron nuclei were prominent in the cortex layers and hippocampus, and perineural edematous areas were abundant. Excessive perineuronal edema, cytoplasmic eosinophilia, and heterochromatic/pycnotic nuclei were found based on the histopathological damage score. After pinealectomy, we observed an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in AChE levels in the brain.
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    Quercetin Exhibits Nephroprotective Properties Against Tartrazine-Induced Nephrotic Injury: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Kidney Function, Inflammation, Renal Tissue Morphology, and Apoptotic Pathway
    (Wiley, 2026) Erdemli, Zeynep; Gul, Mehmet; Bulut, Nilufer; Zayman, Emrah; Demirtas, Sezin; Karaaslan, Ezgi; Erdemli, Mehmet Erman
    We investigated first time in the literature the effects of tartrazine, a common industrial dye, and quercetin, a possible protective, on the kidneys. The rats were randomly assigned to the control, tartrazine, quercetin, and tartrazine + quercetin groups, with each group consisting of eight Wistar albino rats. The trials lasted for 1 month, after which kidney tissues and blood samples were collected. In the tartrazine group, increases were observed in malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), glomerular diameter and damage, histopathological damage score, glomerular and tubular caspase-3 immunoreactivity H-score, as well as serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels in the kidney tissue. Additionally, kidney tissue histopathology and apoptotic deteriorated in the same group. The deteriorated biochemical and histopathological parameters improved with quercetin administration. Tartrazine led to nephrotoxicity in rats, as indicated by kidney tissue oxidant capacity, inflammation, apoptosis, increased kidney function tests, and deterioration in histopathology. Quercetin exhibited strong antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammation activity and can be used as a protective agent against tartrazine-induced nephrotoxicity.
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    The protective effects of thymoquinone against tartrazine-induced pancreatic injury and its impact on oxidative stress, caspase 3, blood glucose, insulin and cholesterol levels
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Erdemli, Zeynep; Zayman, Emrah; Gokturk, Nurcan; Gul, Mehmet; Demircigil, Nursena; Levent, Ayse Betul; Aylaz, Bulent
    The present study examined the effects of Tartrazine, a common industrial food colourant, on the pancreas and the protective role of Thymoquinone. Thirty-two Wistar albino male rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: Control, Tartrazine, Thymoquinone, and Tartrazine + Thymoquinone. The rats received Tartrazine and Thymoquinone treatments for 21 days. At the end of this period, pancreatic tissues and blood samples were collected for analysis. Tartrazine administration elevated malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels, while decreasing glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant status (TAS) in pancreatic tissue. It increased glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, while decreasing insulin and HDL levels in blood samples. Tartrazine administration aggravated pancreatic histopathology and enhanced Caspase-3 positive immunoreactivity. Thymoquinone administration reduced the harmful effects of Tartrazine on biochemical and histopathological parameters. Tartrazine administration negatively impacted pancreatic tissue and blood samples. The increased oxidant capacity and oxidative stress led to these harmful effects. Conversely, Thymoquinone alleviated oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant capacity and could act as a protective agent.