Multivariate and Geospatial Analysis of River Water Quality in the Andhi Khola Basin, Western Nepal

Basit Öğe Kaydı
dc.contributor.authorRana, Rojan
dc.contributor.authorAwasthi, Mahesh Prasad
dc.contributor.authorThapa, Shiva Kumar
dc.contributor.authorShahi, Asmita
dc.contributor.authorOli, Sarala
dc.contributor.authorPant, Ramesh Raj
dc.contributor.authorVarol, Memet
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-19T06:41:04Z
dc.date.available2026-06-19T06:41:04Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentMalatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThe Andhi Khola River is a vital freshwater system in Syangja District, Gandaki Province, Nepal, serving as a primary source for drinking water, irrigation, fishing, and various other livelihood activities for local communities. This research seeks to evaluate the river's hydrochemical composition, overall water quality, and its appropriateness for drinking and irrigation through the application of multivariate statistics, water quality indices, and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. To achieve this, 22 hydrochemical parameters were analyzed in river water samples from thirteen sites. The water quality was generally found to be good, with most measured parameters meeting the permissible limits of both the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Hydrochemical facies classification using Piper and Durov diagrams showed that the river water is predominantly of the calcium-bicarbonate type, controlled mainly by carbonate mineral dissolution and precipitation processes, as supported by Gibbs and mixing plots. Water Quality Index (WQI) scores classified the water as excellent for drinking use across all sampling sites. Suitability for irrigation was evaluated using a set of standard indices such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percentage (Na%), Magnesium Hazard (MH), Kelly's Ratio (KR) and Permeability Index (PI). All indicators suggested that the river water is generally suitable for agricultural use, with only slight limitations noted at isolated stations. Multivariate statistical analyses, including Spearman correlation and cluster analysis, were applied to identify major controlling factors and to classify spatial similarities among sampling points. Geospatial analysis through GIS further enabled visualization of spatial variability and highlighted zones potentially impacted by anthropogenic activities. Overall, the integration of hydrochemical data, statistical evaluation, and GIS-based spatial mapping provides a robust framework for monitoring and managing river water resources. The findings emphasize the importance of regular water quality monitoring and underscore the Andhi Khola River's critical role in supporting sustainable water use and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation).
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s11270-025-08531-9
dc.identifier.issn0049-6979
dc.identifier.issn1573-2932
dc.identifier.issue14
dc.identifier.orcid0009-0009-3289-4815
dc.identifier.orcid0009-0009-6581-1473
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105018054622
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-025-08531-9
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12899/6053
dc.identifier.volume236
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001587588100033
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer Int Publ Ag
dc.relation.ispartofWater Air and Soil Pollution
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260612
dc.subjectHimalayan River System
dc.subjectWater Quality Index
dc.subjectGeographic Information System
dc.subjectMultivariate Statistical Analysis
dc.subjectSustainable Water Management
dc.titleMultivariate and Geospatial Analysis of River Water Quality in the Andhi Khola Basin, Western Nepal
dc.typeArticle

Dosyalar

Koleksiyon

WoS İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu
Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu