Integrative Effects of Foliar Biostimulant Applications on Physiology, Nutrient Balance, and Kernel Composition of Almonds in Deficit Irrigated Orchards Under Semi-Arid Conditions

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dc.contributor.authorKaraat, Firat Ege
dc.contributor.authorKutsal, Ibrahim Kutalmis
dc.contributor.authorDenizhan, Hasan
dc.contributor.authorKarahan, Ramazan Bestami
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-19T06:41:09Z
dc.date.available2026-06-19T06:41:09Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentMalatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractAbiotic challenges in semi-arid orchards, including high temperatures and water limitations, can disrupt almond physiology, nutrient balance, and kernel quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different foliar-applied stress-regulating compounds in mitigating oxidative stress and improving physiological performance, nutrient balance, and kernel quality of almond (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D.A. Webb) trees under semi-arid field conditions. This study evaluated the effects of foliar-applied proline, salicylic acid, a seaweed extract-based biostimulant, and vitamins, amino acids, proteins, betaines, and growth regulators enriched biostimulant on almond trees cultivated under contrasting semi-arid field conditions. Key physiological parameters (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, leaf temperature, malondialdehyde), leaf macronutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, K/Na ratio), and kernel morphometric and chemical traits (kernel size, kernel ratio, crude oil content, fatty acid profile) were assessed. The seaweed extract-based biostimulant provided the most consistent improvements, including reductions in leaf temperature, enhanced photosynthetic rate (up to +15%), increased leaf proline content, and improved kernel oil accumulation (+8.6%) with a more favorable fatty acid profile (higher oleic, lower linoleic acids). Salicylic acid notably improved K/Na ratio (up to 150.97), whereas proline reduced lipid peroxidation (-27% MDA), reflecting distinct mechanisms of action. Principal component analysis (PC1 + PC2: 75.2% variance) and correlation mapping highlighted strong associations between photosynthetic performance, proline metabolism, ionic balance, and kernel oil traits. These findings indicate that biostimulant-based interventions, particularly seaweed-derived formulations, can support integrated physiological resilience and kernel quality, offering practical solutions for almond production in semi-arid environments.
dc.description.sponsorshipSoutheast Anatolia Project Regional Development Administration
dc.description.sponsorshipThe study was funded by the Southeast Anatolia Project Regional Development Administration. All data underlying the results are available as part of the manuscript and no additional source data are required.
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s10341-026-01778-4
dc.identifier.issn2948-2623
dc.identifier.issn2948-2631
dc.identifier.issue1
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-9512-4289
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105029594547
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ4
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-026-01778-4
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12899/6105
dc.identifier.volume68
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001684651900001
dc.identifier.wosqualityN/A
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer
dc.relation.ispartofApplied Fruit Science
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260612
dc.subjectCrop Physiology
dc.subjectDrought
dc.subjectNut Quality
dc.subjectPrunus Dulcis
dc.subjectStress
dc.titleIntegrative Effects of Foliar Biostimulant Applications on Physiology, Nutrient Balance, and Kernel Composition of Almonds in Deficit Irrigated Orchards Under Semi-Arid Conditions
dc.typeArticle

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