Soil organic carbon-to-clay ratio as a proxy for land degradation: machine learning-based spatial prediction in semi-arid agricultural lands

dc.contributor.authorKilic, Mirac
dc.contributor.authorOzturk, Mustafa
dc.contributor.authorGunal, Hikmet
dc.contributor.authorZhang, Yakun
dc.contributor.authorBudak, Mesut
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-19T06:39:39Z
dc.date.available2026-06-19T06:39:39Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentMalatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractSoil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics are central to evaluating land degradation, particularly in semi-arid regions where monitoring SOC-to-clay ratios (an indicator proposed for assessing soil resilience but still debated) remains challenging. This study employs machine learning (ML) models, including Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting, Classification and Regression Tree (CART) and Light Gradient-Boosting Machine (LightGBM), to spatially predict SOC-to-clay ratios across part of & Scedil;anl & imath;urfa province, T & uuml;rkiye, a semi-arid region dominated by pistachio cultivation. The study area includes Typic Calcixerepts, Calcic Haploxerepts and Typic Haplotorrerts, reflecting diverse pedological conditions. The efficacy of SOC-to-clay ratio was evaluated relative to a soil quality index (SQI) and identified texture-dependent biases. Results revealed soil texture as the dominant predictor, explaining 34-65% of variance across models, surpassing land use (7-12%). Pasturelands exhibited the highest ratios (0.21-0.47), classified as 'very good', due to minimal disturbance and sustained organic inputs, while croplands and pistachio systems showed 'moderate degradation' (<= 0.26). A moderate correlation between SOC-to-clay ratio and SQI (r = 0.51) supported its utility, though low explanatory power (R2 = 0.26) suggests complementary indicators are needed to correct for ratio inflation in low-clay soils. Spatial predictions support EU Soil Strategy 2030 priorities, advocating for reduced tillage in croplands and perennial vegetation in pasturelands.
dc.identifier.doi10.1017/S0021859625100415
dc.identifier.issn0021-8596
dc.identifier.issn1469-5146
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-9636-8576
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-8026-5540
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105022876009
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859625100415
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12899/5722
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001638043600001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherCambridge Univ Press
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Agricultural Science
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260612
dc.subjectDryland Farming
dc.subjectEnvironmental Modelling
dc.subjectPredictive Soil Mapping
dc.subjectSoil Organic Carbon Indicator
dc.subjectSoil Property Interactions
dc.titleSoil organic carbon-to-clay ratio as a proxy for land degradation: machine learning-based spatial prediction in semi-arid agricultural lands
dc.typeArticle

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