Comprehensive Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid) Pollution in Agricultural and Urban Soils near an Oil Refining Facility: Distribution Patterns, Source Apportionment, Ecological Impact, and Probabilistic Health Risk Analysis

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dc.contributor.authorMiletic, Andrijana
dc.contributor.authorVeskovic, Jelena
dc.contributor.authorLucic, Milica
dc.contributor.authorVarol, Memet
dc.contributor.authorCrnkovic, Dragan
dc.contributor.authorPotkonjak, Nebojsa
dc.contributor.authorOnjia, Antonije
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-19T06:37:40Z
dc.date.available2026-06-19T06:37:40Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentMalatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThis study investigated the spatial distribution of HMs in agricultural and urban soils near the largest oil refining complex in Serbia, identified pollution sources, and assessed ecological and human health risks. A large fraction of soil samples showed elevated Hg (40% of samples), Pb (53%), Cd (90%), and As (93%) concentrations compared to the background levels. Hotspots for Pb, As, Hg, Cd, and Zn were observed in the industrial area, indicating significant anthropogenic input. Multivariate analysis, including PMF, revealed four contamination sources: emissions from the oil refining industry, agricultural activities, traffic emissions, and natural background. The pollution indices mostly fell into the moderate pollution range, with As, Hg, and Cd showing the highest enrichment. The potential ecological risk index (RI) indicated that about one-third of the samples had moderate ecological risk and determined a major RI hotspot near the refinery. The health risk assessment identified As and Cr as the largest contributors to non-carcinogenic risk, although the average HI was below one. Monte Carlo simulation confirmed that adults and children had negligible health risks at the 95th percentile and highlighted exposure frequency and body weight as the most influential exposure parameters. Based on source-specific risk, the oil refining industry emissions had the highest impact on HI and TCR values.
dc.description.sponsorshipMinistry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia [451-03-136/2025-03/200135, 451-03-136/2025-03/200017, 451-03-136/2025-03/200287]
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research was funded by the Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (Contract No: 451-03-136/2025-03/200135, 451-03-136/2025-03/200017, and 451-03-136/2025-03/200287).
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/urbansci9100415
dc.identifier.issn2413-8851
dc.identifier.issue10
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-8548-1066
dc.identifier.orcid0009-0008-4000-7916
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-6310-5235
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-5694-7960
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-7390-1470
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-6867-9521
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-6475-0570
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105020033231
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100415
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12899/5143
dc.identifier.volume9
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001602852700001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofUrban Science
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260612
dc.subjectSource-Specific Risk
dc.subjectGeospatial Mapping
dc.subjectMonte Carlo Simulation
dc.subjectOil Refinery
dc.subjectPotentially Toxic Elements
dc.titleComprehensive Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid) Pollution in Agricultural and Urban Soils near an Oil Refining Facility: Distribution Patterns, Source Apportionment, Ecological Impact, and Probabilistic Health Risk Analysis
dc.typeArticle

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