Trace elements in fluvial sediments of the Gandaki River Basin, Central Himalaya, Nepal: distribution, sources, and risk assessment

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dc.contributor.authorPant, Ramesh Raj
dc.contributor.authorZhang, Fan
dc.contributor.authorQaiser, Faizan Ur Rehman
dc.contributor.authorVarol, Memet
dc.contributor.authorAdhikari, Diwakar
dc.contributor.authorWang, Guanxing
dc.contributor.authorBishwakarma, Kiran
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-19T06:41:04Z
dc.date.available2026-06-19T06:41:04Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentMalatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractPurpose Himalayan river basins are crucial for water and sediment transport, supporting millions of people and influencing ecological health. However, the distribution, sources, and contamination levels of trace elements (TEs) in these regions remain poorly understood. This study assesses the spatial distribution, contamination levels, and sources of TEs in fluvial sediments of the Gandaki River Basin (GRB), Central Himalayas, Nepal. Materials and methods A total of 75 sediment samples from riverbed (R0), floodplain (R1), and terrace (R2) were analyzed. TE concentrations were measured, and contamination levels were evaluated using indices such as pollution load index (PLI), geo-accumulation index (I-geo), and enrichment factor (E-f). Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were used to distinguish natural and anthropogenic sources of TEs. Results and discussion TE concentrations varied, following the order: Ti > Ba > Sr > Rb > Zn > Cr > V > Li > Y > Ni > Cu > Pb > As > Sc > Co > Cs > U > Mo > Tl > Cd. Moderate to high contamination was observed for Cr, Cu, and Mo, with 12% of samples exceeding TEC and PEC for As and Cr, indicating potential environmental risks. Higher TE levels on the leeward (U-) side were linked to weathering of metal-rich materials and long-range transport processes. Conclusions The study highlighted ecological risks from TE contamination in the GRB, stressing the need for pollution control, sustainable river basin management, and further research to mitigate environmental hazards.
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s11368-025-04091-x
dc.identifier.endpage2480
dc.identifier.issn1439-0108
dc.identifier.issn1614-7480
dc.identifier.issue8
dc.identifier.orcid0009-0009-3119-7065
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-6170-0188
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-0947-4697
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-6714-9534
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-3458-1208
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-6475-0570
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105011080374
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage2463
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-025-04091-x
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12899/6047
dc.identifier.volume25
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001530829100001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer Heidelberg
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Soils and Sediments
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260612
dc.subjectTrace Elements
dc.subjectPollution Indices
dc.subjectClimate Change
dc.subjectMultivariate Statistical Techniques
dc.subjectHimalayan River
dc.titleTrace elements in fluvial sediments of the Gandaki River Basin, Central Himalaya, Nepal: distribution, sources, and risk assessment
dc.typeArticle

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