Hydro-chemical characteristics of Biring and Tangting Rivers (Nepal) and evaluation of water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes

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dc.contributor.authorBasnet, Niru
dc.contributor.authorSitaula, Sagar
dc.contributor.authorBohara, Rupesh
dc.contributor.authorBhattarai, Somy
dc.contributor.authorRawal, Sabin
dc.contributor.authorUprety, Mahendra P.
dc.contributor.authorPant, Ramesh Raj
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-19T06:39:58Z
dc.date.available2026-06-19T06:39:58Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.departmentMalatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractAlthough river water is vital for drinking, irrigation and domestic needs, it faces threats from natural processes and human activities. Small and medium-sized rivers, especially in Nepal, remain understudied despite their vital importance in providing water to densely populated areas. This study evaluated the suitability for drinking and irrigation and the hydro-chemical characteristics of the Biring and Tangting rivers in Koshi province, Nepal. The results showed that turbidity, pH, EC, TDS, TH, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3- and NO3- values of all sampling sites in the Biring and Tangting rivers, except for the turbidity value of 10.39 NTU recorded in the PT9 site of the Tangting River, did not exceed maximum limit values set for drinking water. However, according to Water Quality Index results, the water of both rivers was in poor condition for drinking due to domestic wastewater discharges and cremation activities which caused high NH4+ levels. The major cations in both rivers were listed as Ca2+ > Na+ > K+ > Mg2+, while the major anions were listed as HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- > NO3-. Gibbs and Piper diagrams showed that geogenic weathering of carbonate rocks prevailing in the region affected the hydrochemistry in both rivers. Evaluation based on seven different irrigation indices and US salinity laboratory diagram revealed that the water of both rivers was suitable for irrigation despite some magnesium-related limitations.
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors express sincere gratitude to the Central Department of Environmental Science (CDES-TU) for facilitating this research and granting access to the laboratory resources. The authors express special thanks to the editor and anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions for improving this manuscript. The authors would also like to convey sincere thanks to Mr. Ramesh Basnet for his invaluable assistance during the laboratory work. The acknowledge-ment would be incomplete without thankfully appreciating Ms. Pragya Sitaula's contribution to the field work.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.envres.2024.119697
dc.identifier.issn0013-9351
dc.identifier.issn1096-0953
dc.identifier.orcid0009-0008-4858-7193
dc.identifier.orcid0009-0009-6581-1473
dc.identifier.orcid0009-0008-2316-9016
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-6475-0570
dc.identifier.pmid39068969
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.119697
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12899/5891
dc.identifier.volume261
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001287375900001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherAcademic Press Inc Elsevier Science
dc.relation.ispartofEnvironmental Research
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260612
dc.subjectDrinking Water Quality Index
dc.subjectIrrigation Suitability
dc.subjectHydro-Chemical Characterization
dc.subjectCluster Analysis
dc.subjectHimalayan Foothill Regions
dc.titleHydro-chemical characteristics of Biring and Tangting Rivers (Nepal) and evaluation of water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes
dc.typeArticle

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