Comprehensive analysis and risk assessment of fine road dust in Abbottabad city (Pakistan) with heavy traffic for potentially toxic elements

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dc.contributor.authorJadoon, Waqar Azeem
dc.contributor.authorKhan, Yousaf Ali
dc.contributor.authorVarol, Memet
dc.contributor.authorOnjia, Antonije
dc.contributor.authorMohany, Mohamed
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-19T06:39:50Z
dc.date.available2026-06-19T06:39:50Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentMalatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractHuman activities have far-reaching impact on natural ecosystems, causing increasing disturbances and disruptions to the delicate balance of the environment. Poor land use planning, urbanization, infrastructure development, and unplanned tourism exacerbate contamination and degradation in tourist destinations, yet the pollution of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in these environments remains inadequately explored. To address this issue, we investigated the concentrations of acid-digested PTEs in road dust in Abbottabad city (Pakistan) with heavy traffic. The current study also evaluated PTE associated pollution, ecological and health risks, and potential sources of these elements. The average concentrations (in mg kg-1) of PTEs in road dust were highest for Fe (15540), followed by Mn (304), Zn (139), Cu (50.0), Pb (21.5), Cr (13.0), Ni (10.3), Co (6.66), and Cd (0.236). The levels of Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Fe were below the upper continental crust (UCC) averages, while Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn exceeded them. Spatially, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were found at higher levels near traffic hotspots, bus stands and automobile workshops. Road dust in Abbottabad exhibited unpolluted to moderate pollution levels (geo accumulation index), with Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb at 23 % of the sites. The enrichment factor results indicated a significant anthropogenic influence, with Cd being significantly enriched and Zn, Cu, and Pb moderately enriched. The contamination factor results revealed moderate contamination by (Cd: 2.62, Zn: 2.08, Cu: 1.79, Pb: 1.27). Single metal risk index showed that 61 % of the sites posed considerable to very high ecological risks due to Cd, which was highlighted as a significant concern. The absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression model identified three factors contributing to PTE pollution: lithogenic (Co, Fe, Mn, Ni), traffic-related (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn), and mixed sources (Cr), with contributions of 52.8 %, 35.8 %, and 11.4 %, respectively. The PTE hazard quotient and total hazard index values for children and adults were below the safe risk level of 1, indicating no non-carcinogenic health risks. The cumulative carcinogenic risk values to the residents were also within acceptable limits. However, children's susceptibility to non-carcinogenic risks is higher due to their behavior and lower body weight. This study highlights the accumulation of PTEs in Abbottabad's environment, which poses challenges to long-term sustainability, particularly amid unplanned tourism. Therefore, urgent measures are necessary to mitigate PTE pollution and preserve tourist spots and public health.
dc.description.sponsorshipKing Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [RSPD2025R758]
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project (RSPD2025R758) , King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia for funding this work. The authors express special thanks to six anony-mous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions for improving this manuscript.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136788
dc.identifier.issn0304-3894
dc.identifier.issn1873-3336
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0001-7709-5253
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-5694-7960
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0002-5750-3173
dc.identifier.pmid39740543
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85213252729
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136788
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12899/5816
dc.identifier.volume486
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001403169500001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Hazardous Materials
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260612
dc.subjectFine Road Dust
dc.subjectPtes
dc.subjectTraffic Pollution
dc.subjectApcs-Mlr
dc.subjectHealth Risk Assessment
dc.subjectAbbottabad, Pakistan
dc.titleComprehensive analysis and risk assessment of fine road dust in Abbottabad city (Pakistan) with heavy traffic for potentially toxic elements
dc.typeArticle

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