Comprehensive Assessment of Water Quality of a Transboundary River in Nepal Using Hydro-Chemical, Chemometric, Health Risk and Index-Based Approaches
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
2025
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Springer Int Publ Ag
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
In this study, advanced hydro-chemical analysis, chemometric techniques, health risk assessment and various indices were used to comprehensively assess the water quality of Mahakali River, which is an essential water resource for Nepal and India. Most parameters measured in the water samples collected from 25 sites in the basin during the pre- and post-monsoon periods were found to be compliance with drinking water standards, except NH4+ and Fe. The Water Quality Index values classified both the main river and its tributary (Chameliya River) as unsuitable for drinking. Nutrient pollution was found to be more severe in the tributary, which is much more affected by anthropogenic activities than the main river. Hydro-chemical analysis showed that the dominant water type in the basin is Ca-HCO3, which is mainly controlled by rock weathering. Apart from the magnesium hazard index, other irrigation indices confirmed that the surface water of the study area is suitable for agriculture. Chemometric methods provided deeper insights into the water chemistry of the basin by revealing pollution sources and relationships between parameters. Health risk assessment revealed minimal adverse health effects for children and adults exposed to NO3-N, Fe and F-. This pioneering study not only provides a holistic evaluation of water quality in a Himalayan glacier-fed river system but also establishes an innovative framework for sustainable water management in climate-sensitive regions worldwide.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Hydrochemistry, Chemometric Methods, Water Quality Assessment, Irrigation Water Quality, Mahakali River Basin, Health Risk Assessment
Kaynak
Water Air and Soil Pollution
WoS Q Değeri
Q2
Scopus Q Değeri
Q2
Cilt
236
Sayı
4
