Comprehensive Assessment of Water Quality of a Transboundary River in Nepal Using Hydro-Chemical, Chemometric, Health Risk and Index-Based Approaches

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dc.contributor.authorPant, Ramesh Raj
dc.contributor.authorVarol, Memet
dc.contributor.authorAwasthi, Mahesh Prasad
dc.contributor.authorBohara, Rupesh
dc.contributor.authorPaudel, Sudip
dc.contributor.authorNepal, Jharana
dc.contributor.authorChakrabortty, Rabin
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-19T06:41:04Z
dc.date.available2026-06-19T06:41:04Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentMalatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractIn this study, advanced hydro-chemical analysis, chemometric techniques, health risk assessment and various indices were used to comprehensively assess the water quality of Mahakali River, which is an essential water resource for Nepal and India. Most parameters measured in the water samples collected from 25 sites in the basin during the pre- and post-monsoon periods were found to be compliance with drinking water standards, except NH4+ and Fe. The Water Quality Index values classified both the main river and its tributary (Chameliya River) as unsuitable for drinking. Nutrient pollution was found to be more severe in the tributary, which is much more affected by anthropogenic activities than the main river. Hydro-chemical analysis showed that the dominant water type in the basin is Ca-HCO3, which is mainly controlled by rock weathering. Apart from the magnesium hazard index, other irrigation indices confirmed that the surface water of the study area is suitable for agriculture. Chemometric methods provided deeper insights into the water chemistry of the basin by revealing pollution sources and relationships between parameters. Health risk assessment revealed minimal adverse health effects for children and adults exposed to NO3-N, Fe and F-. This pioneering study not only provides a holistic evaluation of water quality in a Himalayan glacier-fed river system but also establishes an innovative framework for sustainable water management in climate-sensitive regions worldwide.
dc.description.sponsorshipUniversity Grants Commission- Nepal [FRG-75/76-S T-10]
dc.description.sponsorshipWe extend our heartfelt appreciation to the University Grants Commission, Nepal, specifically the Faculty Research Grant (No. FRG-75/76-S & T-10) for their indispensable support throughout the entire research process. We would also like to acknowledge the Central Department of Environmental Science for the invaluable laboratory support during this work. Special thanks go to the editor and anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions which greatly improve the manuscript.
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s11270-025-07844-z
dc.identifier.issn0049-6979
dc.identifier.issn1573-2932
dc.identifier.issue4
dc.identifier.orcid0009-0009-6581-1473
dc.identifier.orcid0000-0003-0222-0800
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105000043760
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-025-07844-z
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12899/6055
dc.identifier.volume236
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001441291000002
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer Int Publ Ag
dc.relation.ispartofWater Air and Soil Pollution
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260612
dc.subjectHydrochemistry
dc.subjectChemometric Methods
dc.subjectWater Quality Assessment
dc.subjectIrrigation Water Quality
dc.subjectMahakali River Basin
dc.subjectHealth Risk Assessment
dc.titleComprehensive Assessment of Water Quality of a Transboundary River in Nepal Using Hydro-Chemical, Chemometric, Health Risk and Index-Based Approaches
dc.typeArticle

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